Enterprise Architecture & IT Infrastructure: An Evolving Art and Science to Bridge Business and IT Vision and Reality Minder Chen, Ph.D. CSU Channel Islands Martin V. Smith School of Business and Economics

EA and IT Infrastructure - 2© Minder Chen, Big Picture Business Strategy Business Processes IT Strategy Business Capabilities IT Solutions Approach: Cost/Value Analysis Focus: Governance Portfolio Architecture Sourcing Need: Resilience, Flexibility, Opportunism Drivers: People, Process, Information, Relationships Focus: “Processized” Analysis – Vocabulary Metrics Context

EA and IT Infrastructure - 3© Minder Chen, BSP: Business Systems Planning Requirements  Acquisition  Stewardship  Disposition Resource Lifecycle Planning Control

EA and IT Infrastructure - 4© Minder Chen, Resource Life Cycle Planning Acquisition Stewardship (Control, Usage) Disposal Summary Data Planning data Transaction data Transaction data

EA and IT Infrastructure - 5© Minder Chen, Four-Stage Life Cycle of Functions to Support Products and Services of an Organization 4-Stage LCPlanning Acquisition StewardshipDisposal Data generated Planning data (Create) Transaction data (Create) Transaction data (R, U) Transaction data (Delete) Material req. planning Procurement Warehousing & inventory control Selling Education Curriculum planning Course sched. & enroll. Performance & grad. checking Student graduation People Human res. planning Recruiting Training Promotion Eval. Retirement Termination Equipment Capacity planning Equipment purchase Maintenance and repair Equipment disposal

EA and IT Infrastructure - 6© Minder Chen, Zackman Framework Source:

EA and IT Infrastructure - 7© Minder Chen, Methodology Lifecycle Source: IBM Component Business Model Via Heap Map

EA and IT Infrastructure - 8© Minder Chen, Component Business Model Dynamic capability Dynamic capability is defined as “the firm’s ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments”. The basic assumption of the dynamic capabilities framework is that today’s fast changing markets force firms to respond quickly and to be innovative.  Agile, sense and respond, reconfiguration, modularization

EA and IT Infrastructure - 9© Minder Chen, The 5 Dimensions of a Business Component IBM Component Business Model Resource-Based View Daft (1983) says: "...firm resources include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc; controlled by a firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and effectiveness.“

EA and IT Infrastructure - 10© Minder Chen, Heat Map

EA and IT Infrastructure - 11© Minder Chen, IT Infrastructure “The hardware, software, and telecommunication/ networking systems or equipment together provide the underlying foundation to support the organization’s goals.”

EA and IT Infrastructure - 12© Minder Chen, IT Infrastructure Cost allocation Source: CISR Working Paper #329

EA and IT Infrastructure - 13© Minder Chen,

EA and IT Infrastructure - 14© Minder Chen, Stages in IT Infrastructure Evolution Mainframe/Mini Computers Personal Computer Client/Sever Computing Internet computing/ Web-based enterprise applications Cloud Computing / Mobile computing 60~70s 80s 90s Late 90s~ Mid 2000s~

EA and IT Infrastructure - 15© Minder Chen, Web-based IT Infrastructure HTTP TCP/IP WWW Internet Run dynamic business logic components Software Applications DBMS Browsers User Interface Data Process App.

EA and IT Infrastructure - 16© Minder Chen, Mobile Device

EA and IT Infrastructure - 17© Minder Chen, Mobile Computing Source: 2011/9/28

EA and IT Infrastructure - 18© Minder Chen, Technology drivers of infrastructure evolution Moore’s law and micro-processing power  Computing power doubles every 18 months/2 years  Nanotechnology: May shrink size of transistors to width of several atoms  Contrary factors: Heat dissipation needs, power consumption concerns Law of Mass Digital Storage  The amount of data being stored each year doubles Metcalfe’s Law and network economics  Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members  As network members increase, more people want to use it (demand for network access increases)

EA and IT Infrastructure - 19© Minder Chen, Advancing Rates of Technology (Silicon, Storage, Telecom) Smaller & faster & cheaper

EA and IT Infrastructure - 20© Minder Chen, Data Volume 2 10 =1028

EA and IT Infrastructure - 21© Minder Chen,

EA and IT Infrastructure - 22© Minder Chen, The Internet of Things

EA and IT Infrastructure - 23© Minder Chen,

EA and IT Infrastructure - 24© Minder Chen, CPM: cost per thousand page impressions.

EA and IT Infrastructure - 25© Minder Chen, Platform Continuum Bring your own machines, connectivity, software, etc. Complete control Complete responsibility Static capabilities Upfront capital costs for the infrastructure Renting machines, connectivity, software Less control Fewer responsibilities Lower capital costs More flexible Pay for fixed capacity, even if idle Shared, multi-tenant infrastructure Virtualized & dynamic Scalable & available Abstracted from the infrastructure Higher-level services Pay as you go On-Premises Servers Hosted Servers Cloud Platform

EA and IT Infrastructure - 26© Minder Chen, PaaS Software as a service (SaaS) Google AppEngine Amazon's EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)

EA and IT Infrastructure - 27© Minder Chen, Definition of Cloud Computing The NIST definition of cloud computing: Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. The ability for end users to utilize parts of bulk resources and that these resources.

EA and IT Infrastructure - 28© Minder Chen, Characteristics of Cloud Services NIST identifies several characteristics for a service to be considered “Cloud”: On-demand self-service: The ability for an end user to sign up and receive services without the long delays that have characterized traditional IT. Broad network access: Ability to access the service via standard platforms (desktop, laptop, mobile etc). Resource pooling: Resources are pooled across multiple customers. Rapid elasticity: Capability can scale to cope with demand peaks. Measured Service: Billing is metered and delivered as a utility service can be acquired quickly and easily.

EA and IT Infrastructure - 29© Minder Chen,

EA and IT Infrastructure - 30© Minder Chen, Characteristics of Architecture Stages