The Thirty Years’ War, 1618 – 1648: The Disintegration of Germany Section 3.16

Questions to consider How had the Peace of Augsburg attempted to settle the religious question in German states? What developments upset those arrangements? How may one attempt to analyze the issues of the 30 Years’ War? How did European rivalries and ambitions become liked to the conflict within Germany? Sketch briefly the events associated with each of the major phases of the 30 Years’ War. Summarize and evaluate the Peace of Westphalia with respect to (A) the religious settlement, (B) the territorial changes, (C) constitutional issues with the HRE. Of what significance was the Peace of Westphalia for modern international relations? How would you evaluate the broad significance of the 30 Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia? What seems to have been the net result of the wars of religion?

Introduction HRE is a mix of Czech, Bohemian, French and German (Majority), evenly split between Protestant and Catholic Isolationist perspectives of Lutheran states led to cultural decline suspicious of the outside world and suffered from cultural isolation Universities attracted fewer students as intellectual energies were spent defending dogmas Witch burning Commercial activity is in decline Banking and financial interests were shifting west

Background of the Thirty Years’ War HRE Role Peace of Augsburg (1555) provided that each state could prescribe the religion of its subjects leads to the development of two opposing forces Lutheran states are making gains by converting leaders Catholics states are supported by Spain

Background of the Thirty Years’ War Spain’s Role wanted Nether back or at least to end Dutch trade in Indies wished to consolidate Habsburg position in Germany and in Swiss cantons Philip III (1598-1621)

Background of the Thirty Years’ War French Role Spain’s moves aroused France Idea of a stronger power in Germany also aroused French intent and preventing a strong Hapsburg state from emerging in the HRE Louis XIII (1610-1643)

Background of the Thirty Years’ War Complexity of the Thirty Years’ War Fought over religion, constitutional issues, centralization v independence of German states Between the French and Hapsburgs, Spain and Dutch Fought mostly on German soil Divided into 4 or 5 phases Bohemian (1618-1625) Danish (1625-1629) Swedish(1630-1635) Swedish-French(1635-1648)

Phase One: The Bohemian War 1618 emissaries of HRE are “thrown out the window” by Protestant Bohemians and Czechs called the “defenestration of Prague” King/HRE sends troops Bohemians elect a new king by choosing Elector of Palatine (Frederick V)

Frederick V, Elector of Palatine Phase One: The Bohemian War Catholic Ferdinand with support of Pope, Spanish troops, and Bavarian forces combine to rout the Protestant uprising at Battle of White Mountain in 1620 Spaniards begin concentrating forces in the Rhineland Ferdinand is re-elected king and confiscates estates of Protestants Forced re-Catholicization of Bohemia is implemented with the Jesuits Protestantism in Austria is “stamped out” Ferdinand I Frederick V, Elector of Palatine The Winter King

Score Protestants/Czechs Catholics/HRE/Spain 1

Phase Two Denmark Intervention King of Denmark (also the Duke of Holstein, a state in HRE) raises army with support from Richelieu HRE Ferdinand commissions Albert of Wallenstein to raise army his army are professional pillagers Wallenstein’s army is ruthless and aggressive and defeats the King of Denmark King Christian IV of Denmark. General of the Lutheran army Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein

Score Protestants/Denmark Catholics/HRE 2

Half Time Regrouping International realignment HRE issues Edict of Restitution to reclaim all secularized territories since 1552 in Germany for Catholic Church terror sweeps over Protestants of Germany France (Richelieu) plots to engage Sweden in the Protestant resistance Dutch also align with Sweden and support the Swedish military campaign Stage is set for final phase of the war

Halftime Show

Phase Three Swedish Intervention Gustavus Adolphus= King of Sweden Excellent leader Used Dutch and other military experts to create a modern army Disciplined, solid leadership, advanced weapons (mobile cannon), a very motivated (troops sang Lutheran hymns into battle) Aided by Richelieu’s diplomatic efforts against the HRE German Protestants and Catholics that feared imperial centralization Gustavus Adolphus killed at Lutzen in 1632 chancellor carries battle

Phase Three Swedish Intervention Splintering in the Protestant effort Saxony makes a separate peace with HRE Wallenstein breaks ranks and negotiates with Swedes independently Wallenstein assassinated by his own staff HRE annuls the Edict of Restitution and German leaders are pacified The promise of peace seems near The death of King Gustavus II Adolphus on 16 November 1632 at the Battle of Lützen

Protestants/Sweden/France Score Protestants/Sweden/France 1 Catholics/HRE 2

Phase Four Swedish-French Intervention Richelieu To avoid unified HRE Richelieu redoubles efforts to support Swedes Comes out openly in favor of the German Protestants Moves France into the conflict

Phase Four Swedish-French Intervention Spanish are aggressive and move into France Portugal and Catalonia seize opportunity to move against Spain French troops move into Spain Germany begins to see the wars as an international conflict fought on German soil and resentment to foreign influence builds

The Peace of Westphalia 1648 Large representative body assembles to discuss the terms Shift in tone is evident last large assembly (Constance, 1415)) discussed church issues this large assembly discussed affairs of the state Evidence of how far secularization had progressed The Pope was not heard and did not sign the treaties

The Peace of Westphalia 1648 Checkmates Counter Reformation Renewed the terms of the Peace of Augsburg Added Calvinism to list as acceptable faiths Catholic claims to church territories were abandoned HRE is downsized Dutch and Swiss are independent French get territories in Lorraine and rights in Alsace Sweden received territories in northern Germany Mouth of the German rivers were controlled by non-Germans Oder, Elbe and Weser by Sweden Rhine and Scheldt by Dutch Constitution of the peace is victory for states rights Marks the advent in international law of the modern European Staatensystem or system of sovereign states Use of balance of power the end of a possible “unified” or universal monarchy in Europe Numerous independent states were to exist

Aftermath of the Thirty Years War Germany is a wreck Starvation and depopulation Magdeburg was besieged 10 times Farmers ceased to farm Germany fades into the background of political affairs in Europe Western Europe takes the lead in moving toward the modern age Eastern Europe sinks into a sedentary culture and begins to look eastward State viewed as more important than religion

Score Winners French Monarchy Princes of Germany Protestantism Losers German People HRE Catholicism Spain