Cognitive Psychology II - Memory The Big Picture Memory as Information Processing Stages and Events of Memory Effortful Memory -When we are trying to learn and remember Memory Without Awareness - When we remember things we do not realize we remember The Fragility of Memory - Our memories are often a distorted view of reality

Stages of Memory

Effortful Memory How much do we retain? Not much for long in short-term memory

How much do we retain? Not much for long in short-term memory We forget much of what we learn Effortful Memory (cont.)

How much do we retain? Not much for long in short-term memory We forget much of what we learn We can relearn it fairly quickly however Effortful Memory (cont.)

How much do we retain? Not much for long in short-term memory We forget much of what we learn We can relearn it fairly quickly however Cues that influence memory Semantic cues are helpful Effortful Memory (cont.)

How much do we retain? Not much for long in short-term memory We forget much of what we learn We can relearn it fairly quickly however Cues that influence memory Semantic cues are helpful Cues related to the self are even better Context effects increase memory - mood and place of learning as memory cues Effortful Memory (cont.)

Interference in Memory - Learning names and learning Spanish after learning French

Strategies to Improve Memory Mnemonics Chunking Effortful Memory (cont.)

Memory Without Awareness Research with Amnesiacs Procedural memory Despite having no knowledge that they have learned, people can learn It doesn’t only happen with amnesiacs - the famous names study

Clinical Psychology I - Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Psychotic Disorders Dissociative Disorders Personality Disorders

Anxiety Disorders Phobias

Anxiety Disorders Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Panic Disorder Panic Attacks

Anxiety Disorders Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorder/Panic Disorder Panic Attacks Agoraphobia Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Repetitive Thoughts Repetitive Behaviours

Common Obsessions and Compulsions

Explaining Anxiety Disorders Psychoanalytic Perspective Little Hans as an example Learning Perspective Little Albert as an example The Social Cognitive Perspective Observational Learning The Biological Perspective Why do phobias fall into natural categories

Phobias and Scary Things

Mood Disorders Major Affective Disorder poor appetite insomnia feelings of worthlessness loss of interest in others

Mood Disorders Major Affective Disorder poor appetite insomnia feelings of worthlessness loss of interest in others Bipolar Disorder High and Lows Lows like Major Depression Highs they have euphoria, grandiosity, agitation, and pressured speech

Gender Differences in Depression

Explanations of Mood Disorders Psychoanalytic Anger Inward Biological Genetic Influences Brain Neurotransmitters Social-Cognitive Attributions for failure as stable, global, internal Vicious cycle of negative moods and thoughts

Vicious Cycle of Depression

Psychotic Disorders - Schizophrenia Disorganize Thinking Delusions Disturbed Perceptions Auditory hallucinations Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Social Withdrawal Types of Schizophrenia Positive Symptoms Negative Symptoms

Types of Schizophrenia

Explanations of Schizophrenia Psychoanalytic - Overflowing of the irrational unconscious Biological Genetic Influences Brain Neurotransmitters Social Cognitive - the stress diathesis model

Dissociative Disorders Fugue - A person disappears and becomes someone else Dissociative Identity Disorder - (a.k.a. Multiple Personality Disorder) - Several distinct ‘persons’ that share the same body

Explanations of Dissociative Disorders It is real Distinct brain activity with different personalities It is a way to cope with anxiety Psychoanalytic, learning theorists fit here May be the result of severe abuse as a child It is not real Social phenomena perhaps created by hypnosis in therapy 2 cases per decade ; 20,000 cases in the 1980s

Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Not aroused or upset by acts that are immoral and hurt others Several famous criminals fit this profile

Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Not aroused or upset by acts that are immoral and hurt others Several famous criminals fit this profile Histrionic, Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorder - impulsive, dramatic, and defensive style Avoidant Personality Disorder - high anxiety causes social withdrawal Schizoid Personality Disorder - eccentric behaviour and social withdrawal