The Byzantine Empire: The New Rome

Objectives Describe the geographic advantages of Constantinople’s location Describe the role of Justinian in the rise of the Byzantine Empire Compare the decline of Roman Empire to the decline of the Byzantium Empire Examine the reasons for the split of the Catholic Church within the Byzantine Empire.

Setting the stage The Western Roman Empire crumbled For 1000 years after the collapse of the west the east would carry on the glory of Rome The east would remain and become: The Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Stations Explain Stations Tomorrow Start 1st station Finish Stations Go over Rome Test

Bell Work Station Quiz Get out station notes

Objectives Describe the geographic advantages of Constantinople’s location Describe the role of Justinian in the rise of the Byzantine Empire Compare the decline of Roman Empire to the decline of the Byzantium Empire Examine the reasons for the split of the Catholic Church within the Byzantine Empire.

Why the East? Geography Better for defense Good location for trade Bosporus Strait Major trade routes b/w Asia & Europe meet Control these gateways= control the shipping Asia Europe

Emperor Justinian

Reign of Justinian 3 goals of Justinian Re-conquer Roman lands Simplify the laws Glorify Constantinople

Reconquering Roman Lands Wanted to regain Rome’s glory Created huge Christian empire Ruled almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled After his death the lands were taken back

Simplifying the laws Justinian: group of scholars to organize the laws If laws contradicted each other, which do we follow? “Code of Justinian” Decided legal questions in all areas Marriage, property, justice, etc. basis of law in the Eastern Roman empire for 900 years

Building Program: Glorifying Constantinople Larger building program than any other Emperor Walls for protection Marketplace for trade Courts, schools, hospitals

Hagia Sophia                     Crowning glory of Justinian’s reign

Hippodrome Hippodrome – like Rome’s Coliseum for main events where gladiator fights & chariot races were held

Legacy of the Byzantine Empire Modern world owes the Byzantines a huge debt? They preserved Greek and Roman culture Greco-Roman culture HOW? Valued education & Classical Learning Greek and Roman Grammar Literature Philosophy Studied Homer Geometry from Euclid History from Herodotus Medicine from Galen

The End of the Byzantine Empire Plague strikes the empire 1453: Byzantine empire drew to a close Muslim Ottoman Empire forces, conquered Constantinople.

The Great Schism What is it? East West separation b/w 2 great branches of Christianity East Eastern Orthodox Church West Roman Catholic

The Church Divides The Western & Eastern Empires develop differently Due to lack of contact Differences grew East was more oriented towards Asia and Northeastern Europe Differences Language Marriage of priests Leader Icons

Differences Language Marriage East – Greek West – Latin East – allowed priests to marry West – not allowed

Differences - Leader East: Constantinople West: Rome church was headed by the Patriarch spiritual leader Patriarch was an equal to the political leaders West: Rome church was headed by the Pope Spiritual leader control over the political leaders Compare and contrast the leaders in 1-2 sentences: Both are leaders of their church. Pope in Rome also had control over the political leaders.

Differences - Icons East West Icons – small art objects that depict a holy figure East West felt that these icons represented the sacred important part of their worship. Opponents to icons felt that they violated the ten commandments In A.D. 726 Emperor Leo III ordered that all icons be destroyed.

End Result: The Split A.D. 1054 the division of the church the two churches were functioning as separate organizations. A conflict about the ICONS was the last straw. The Pope and leaders in the East excommunicated each other Both churches claimed to have the authority of God behind them The church in the West became the Holy Roman Catholic Church The East became the Eastern Orthodox Church.

To Do Reading: Secret History Answer questions

Bell Work Secret History Go over answers

To Do Video: Justinian Justinian’s Head Ancient Rome Volume IV (start 27 minutes in) Justinian’s Head Finish for Homework

Bell Work Read: Pope Urban’s speech Answer the questions

The Crusades

Objectives List and evaluate the causes and consequences of the Crusades Papal power, connections between east and west

What were they? What are the Crusades? Pope Urban II Holy War Pope Urban II responded to the request of Alexius I to take back the holy land from the Muslims called for crusades against infidels Infidels were the non believers = Muslims, Jews Goal: To regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims

Pope’s Goal Reunite the Byzantine & Roman Christians Wanted to be the head of all Christians Reclaim Palestine (Holy Land) leader of all of Christendom

Knight’s Goal forgiveness of sins Win glory in battle Hero adventure Position in society land riches

Merchant’s Goal Wanted to control trade routes b/w Asia & Europe Make money off the crusaders Loans to fund crusades Charge for travel & suplies

To Do Crusades Reading Fill out 5 W’s and How

Bell Work Pair Share Crusades worksheet

The 1st Crusade Crusaders were well prepared for war Unprepared for what? the desert (to Jerusalem) For 2 years they suffered, but they were lucky Muslims were fighting among themselves Outcome Finally captured Jerusalem Slaughtered the Muslims 1120’s, Muslims began to strike back which led to another Crusade

The 2nd Crusade 2nd Crusade was a total failure 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin Sultan of Egypt & Syria 3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third Crusade

The 3rd Crusade Called: The Kings’ Crusade Outcome (3 kings at the start) French King Philip Augustus Caught a fever and went home German Emperor Fredrick I (Barbarossa) Fell from his horse in a river and drowned English King Richard (the Lionheart) Only one that continued Found Saladin, Muslim ruler, to be chivalrous Outcome Agreed to a 3 year truce Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin Muslims controlled Jerusalem, but Christians could visit

The 6th Crusade Most successful of the later crusades Fredrick II met with Saladin’s nephew Negotiated a treaty The pope was not pleased Said it was a pact with the devil Excommunicated Fredrick The Holy Land fell to the Muslims

Effects of the Crusades Who sent all of the knights on the Crusades? What was the goal of the crusades? Were the Crusades successful? Who looks bad? What does this mean? Decline in Pope’s power

Effects of the Crusades What was the goal of the crusades? Who did the crusaders have to kill? Why did they kill the Muslims? For how long? What is this going to lead to? Increase in religious intolerance

Effects of the Crusades Where did the European crusaders travel to during the crusades? Who lived in this area? What would be different in this area than in Europe? What would happen then when these people went back to Europe? What does this mean? Increase in trade

Effects of the Crusades In the first crusades what town did all of the knights go through? We talked about the main contribution of this empire, what was it? What would be effect of thousands of people going through a city were everything is a copy of Rome? Revival of Greek and Roman ideas

To Do In Class: Homework: Test Tuesday Crusades Video Review for Review Day - Monday Test Tuesday