Fact: A 17yo Black senior has the average reading proficiency of a 13yo White 8 th grader Race And Schools

FACT: Black and White Kindergarteners with the same ages and birth weight,.... whose moms have the same test scores, education, occupation, income, and wealth,.... whose moms were the same age when they had their first child, and.... who have the same number of children’s book, movies, etc. in their homes Fryer and Levitt 2004; Yeung and Conley 2006; Yeung and Pfeiffer 2006 SCORE THE SAME ON READING/MATH TESTS By The Third Grade The Achievement Gap Between These Kids Reappears

Internet Access At Home White – 80% Black – 61% Hispanic – 67% Visited Library Last Mth White – 45% Black – 44% Hispanic – 32% In Kindergarten Can Count To 20 Or More White – 65% Black – 69% Hispanic – 42% In Kindergarten Read To Last Week White – 92% Black – 78% Hispanic – 72% In Kindergarten Recognizes All Letters White – 29% Black – 24% Hispanic – 16% HS Dropouts White – 11% Black – 13% Hispanic – 27% SAT Scores (Q&V Only) White – 1061 Black – 862 Hispanic – 925 College Grad Or More White – 27% Black – 19% Hispanic – 13% ACT Composite Scores White – 22 Black – 17 Hispanic – 19 Race And Schools

IS IT GENETICS? Facts: Biracial kids with White mothers and Black fathers have higher IQs than Biracial kids with Black mothers and White fathers Black kids adopted by White families have higher IQs than Black kids adopted by Black families Moore 1986, Nisbett 1998

Race And Schools IS IT CULTURE? What about Lareau’s “Culture Of Poverty” and Ogbu’s “Oppositional Peer Culture” Facts: Black kids value education as much (if not more) than their White peers. We find (general) oppositional culture in all races and it is (intraracial) class-linked more than (racialized) race- linked Ainsworth-Darnell and Downey 1998, Blau 2003, Tyson et al 2005,

Race And Schools Is It Differences In Opportunities? Minority Kids Are More Likely to be in single-race schools... to attend schools where teachers don’t live nearby... to attend public schools... to attend large urban schools... to attend highly tracked schools... to attend bureaucratic schools... to attend poorly-resourced schools... to be taught by uncertified teachers And To Face Micro-expectations In These Environments