MASS SOCIETY & DEMOCRACY

SECTION 1 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

Steel o Sir Henry Bessmer o Bessemer Process Electricity o Thomas Edison o Edison Electric Light Company  "we will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles" New Products

Internal Combustion Engine Communication o Alexander Graham Bell o Guglielmo Marconi

Increase in Industrial Production o Increase in purchasing of goods  wages  lowered transportation costs  Assembly Line Henry Ford o Department Stores o Great Divide  Eastern v. Western Europe New Patterns

Toward a World Economy o impact of Internal Combustion Engine o Capital = European dominance The Working Class o impact of societal transformation  working conditions o Reformers  Moderates:  Radicals:

The Communist Manifesto o Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels o Appalled at working conditions o history is a giant "class struggle"  oppressors v. oppressed Karl Marx's Theory

Industrial Revolution as a continuation of Class Struggle o bourgeoisie v. proletariat o Solution: Revolution!  emergence of a classless society

Goal: improve Working Conditions Two types: o Pure Marxist: violent revolution o Revisionists: Work within the system Trade Unions o improve conditions through collective bargaining o Right to Strike? Socialist Parties

SECTION 3 The National State & Democracy

Signs of the Expansion of Democracy o universal male suffrage o emergence of ministerial responsibility o mass political parties Great Britain o two-party parliamentary system o relationship between Parliament & Prime Minister o Rise of the Labour Party Western Europe & Political Democracy

France o Chaos due to collapse of Second Empire o 1875: Formation of 3rd Republic  Bicameral Legislature Senate Chamber of Deputies o Prime Minister Italy o United 1870 o Divisions between North & South

Germany o Otto Von Bismark created a bicameral legilature  Reichstag: universal male suffrage o Lack of ministerial responsibility  Emperor over legislature o William II Changes  German Power  The people's call for Democracy fall on silent ears Central & Eastern Europe

Austria o A failed attempt at Ministerial Responsibility o Francis Joseph o major disadvantage: diverse ethnic makeup Hungary o functioning parliament Austro-Hungarian Empire

Russia o Czar Nicholas II: absolute power o Major Steel Producer  rise of Marxist ideals o Bloody Sunday  Winter Palace: St. Petersburg, Russia o Short lived reforms  Dumas  civil liberties

Aftermath of the Civil War o national unity remained o Transformation of Old South  13th Amendment  14th Amendment  15th Amendment o Jim Crow Economy o agriculture to industry o Carnegie Steel Co. o Extreme Wealth United States

Expansion abroad o Samoan Islands o Queen Liluokalani  Hawaii o Spanish American War

Creation of Triple Alliance o Otto von Bismark and Europe's balance of power  fear of French retaliation/alliance International Rivalries

William II fires Otto o change of direction  finding Germany's "rightful place in the Sun" Formation of Triple Entente New Directions: William II

Breakdown of Ottoman Empire o Great Powers rush to "exert their influence" Balkan's State Political Status (please see next slide) o Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro Free o Bulgaria: protectorate of Russia o Bosnia & Herzegovina: A-H Balkan collapse "Bosnian Crisis" o A-H annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina o Serbia outraged  Russian support  William II intervention Russia vows revenge Crisis in the Balkans: The Powder Keg

Breakdown of Ottoman Empire o Great Powers rush to "exert their influence" Balkan's State Political Status (please see next slide) o Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro Free o Bulgaria: protectorate of Russia o Bosnia & Herzegovina: A-H Balkan collapse "Bosnian Crisis" o A-H annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina o Serbia outraged  Russian support  William II intervention Russia vows revenge Crisis in the Balkans: The Powder Keg

SECTION 4 Toward the Modern Consciousness

Impressionism o Claude Monet Postimpressionism o Vincent Van Gogh Impact of Photography o avoid "visual reality" Cubism Abstract Modernism

Architecture o rise of functionalism  lack of ornamentation o Louis H Sullivan & Frank Lloyd Wright

Reason o through facts the world can be known Marie Curie o atoms Einstein o theory of relativity o matter is another form of energy Freud o psychoanalysis Uncertainty Grows: Science

Social Darwinism & Racism o loyalty to a nation became a religion o Justifying European Domination Herber Spencer o social progress comes from the strongest countries Extreme Nationalism o nations are in a struggle for existence o Houston Stewart Chamberlain Extreme Nationalism

Anti-Semitism o long European tradition o Dreyfuss Affair o Anti-Semitic Parties  A-H & Germany Zionism o flee Europe for the United States o Palestine Anti-Semitism & Zionism