Many historians of science believe that the compass, which uses a magnetic needle, was used in China as early as the 13th century BC, its invention being of Arabic or Indian origin. The early Greeks knew about magnetism as early as 800 BC. They discovered that the stone magnetite (Fe3O4) attracts pieces of iron. Subsequent experiments showed that every magnet, regardless of its shape, has two poles, called north (N) and south (S) poles, that exert forces on other magnetic poles similar to the way electric charges exert forces on one another. That is, like poles (N–N or S–S) repel each other, and opposite poles (N–S) attract each other. Isolated magnetic poles do not exist! Magnetic poles are always found in pairs. All attempts thus far to detect an isolated magnetic pole have been unsuccessful. No matter how many times a permanent magnet is cut in two, each piece always has a north and a south pole. 8. Magnetic fields

Notice that the magnetic field lines outside the magnet point away from the north pole and toward the south pole.

Cork screw rule

x y z v B An electron in oscilloscope moves along the y axe with a speed of v = 8  10 6 m/s. A magnetic field B = 0,03 T, directed at an angle 30° to the x axis and lying in the plane xy, is used to deflect this beam. 1. Draw the magnetic force vector on the figure. 2. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force.

9 A charged particle ( q ) moves with a velocity v in a region in which the magnetic field is B Determine the magnetic force vector acting on the particle if: 1. 2.

Note that for electron charge is -1.6X C and mass is 9.1X kg

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16 A velocity selector consists of electric and magnetic fields described by the expressions E= E k and B= B J with B = 15 mT. Find the value of E such that a 750-eV electron moving in the negative x direction is undeflected. Note: One electron-volt is equal to 1.6· joules E = 244 kV/m x y z Consider the mass spectrometer shown this Figure. The magnitude of the electric field between the plates of the velocity selector is V/m, and the magnetic field in both the velocity selector and the deflection chamber has a magnitude of T. Calculate the radius of the path for a singly charged ion having a mass m= kg. r = m

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29 B = T Earth’s Magnetic field