Resposta em Freqüência de Malha Fechada a partir da Resposta em Freqüência de Malha Aberta  Para um sistema em malha fechada estável, sua resposta em.

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Presentation transcript:

Resposta em Freqüência de Malha Fechada a partir da Resposta em Freqüência de Malha Aberta  Para um sistema em malha fechada estável, sua resposta em freqüência pode ser obtida diretamente a partir de sua resposta em freqüência de malha aberta.  Considere um sistema com realimentação unitária cuja função de transferência de malha fechada é dada por: A relação entre e pode ser obtida em termos de variáveis complexas no plano-. As coordenadas real e imaginária do plano- são e, respectivamente. Assim: Lugares de magnitude constante (círculos-M): A magnitude da resposta em malha fechada de um sistema é dada por:

Elevando ao quadrado ambos os membros da equação acima e rearranjando: Observe que, quando, a equação anterior descreve uma linha reta no plano complexo. Dividindo esta equação por e adicionando o termo a ambos os lados: ou

Curves of constant module and phase of the closed loop  0 |F| = 1 |F| = 0.5 |F| = 2 Re (G) Im (G) 1+G G arg(G) arg(1+G)

Circles of constant gain of F

r 1+G G  c Re(G) Im(G)   Circles of constant phase of F (centre = -0.5+jc, radius = r)

Derivation of r and c

  0 |F| = 1 |F| = 0.5 |F| = |F| = |F| = 2 Re (G) Im (G)            

Nichols Chart Open-Loop Phase (deg) Open-Loop Gain (dB) dB 3 dB 1 dB 0.5 dB 0.25 dB phase margin 45 o

Nichols Chart: ln(G) =ln|G|+j·arg(G) Open-Loop Phase (deg) Open-Loop Gain (dB) dB 3 dB 1 dB 0.5 dB 0.25 dB phase margin 45 o

                 

Limitations of Transfer Functions Developed from Pulse Tests They require an open loop time constant to complete. Disturbances can corrupt the results. Bode plots developed from pulse tests tend to be noisy near the crossover frequency which affects GM and PM calculations.

Closed Loop Frequency Response

Example of a Closed Loop Bode Plot

Analysis of Closed Loop Bode Plot At low frequencies, the controller has time to reject the disturbances, i.e., A r is small. At high frequencies, the process filters (averages) out the variations and A r is small. At intermediate frequencies, the controlled system is most sensitive to disturbances.

Peak Frequency of a Controller The peak frequency indicates the frequency for which a controller is most sensitive.

Diagrama de Nichols

10.9 Relation between Closed and Open-Loop Freq. Response 의 Bode diagram 을  손으로  그리기  어려우므로  분모가  인수분해  되어야  하므로  Fig.10.44(p.643) 의 Nyquist diagram 에서  에 대한 gain M( 폐루프시스템의 이득 ) 과 phase  를 구할 수 있다. 그러나 이 그림에서 open-loop gain 이 변하면 Nyquist diagram 이 변하게 되어 복잡해짐  Fig.10.47(p.645) 의 Nichols chart (Re, Im 축을 Mag, Phase 축으로 변환 )

( 가 크면 high freq 도 통과시키므로 속응성이 증가하기 때문에 ),, 10.9 Relation between Closed and Open-Loop Freq. Response 의 Bode diagram 을  손으로  그리기  어려우므로  분모가  인수분해  되어야  하므로  Fig.10.44(p.643) 의 Nyquist diagram 에서  에 대한 gain M( 폐루프시스템의 이득 ) 과 phase  를 구할 수 있다. 그러나 이 그림에서 open-loop gain 이 변하면 Nyquist diagram 이 변하게 되어 복잡해짐  Fig.10.47(p.645) 의 Nichols chart (Re, Im 축을 Mag, Phase 축으로 변환 )

Figure Nyquist diagram for Example and constant M and N circles

Figure Nichols chart with frequency response for superimposed. Values for and are shown

* MATLAB 을 이용하면 의 Bode 선도를 정확히 그릴 수 있으므로 Nichols chart 의 의미가 반감됨. * Closed-loop transfer function 이 standard 2nd order system 일 때에, open-loop system 의 phase margin 과 closed-loop system 의 가 Fig 과 같다.(p.648) Steady-state Error Specs from the Open-loop Frequency Fig.10.51(p.651) 단, 일 때에

Figure Phase margin vs. damping ration

Figure A Nichols chart. [The closed-loop amplitude ratio AR CL ( ) and phase angle are shown in families of curves.]