PRECAMBRIAN MANGANESE DEPOSITS: GEOLOGICAL SETTING, METALLOGENESIS AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS NIC BEUKES AND JENS GUTZMER* Paleoproterozoic Mineralization.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Oxidation-Reduction Oxidation literally means to react with oxygen. Oxidation literally means to react with oxygen. Example:2Mg + O 2 2MgO Example:2Mg.

Advertisements

Energy in Cells Photosynthesis Vs Cellular Respiration.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Energy for Life Metabolism the total of all chemical reactions in an organism. All activities an organism performs involve chemical reactions in some way.

Biochemical Pathways A series of chemical reactions

REDOX: IRON, SULFUR, & SILICA. Redox Potential pE = -log free electrons When corrected to pH 7 (H + = OH - ), called E h When E h positive – oxidizing.

Lesson Overview 3.4 Cycles of Matter.

BIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology Lecture 20: Ecosystem Ecology Dafeng Hui Room: Harned Hall 320 Phone:

Biogeochemical Cycles

Life and Global Chemical Cycles

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Biology 420 Global Change. Introduction  Remember  Lithosphere  Hydrosphere  Atmosphere  Biosphere  Earth is exposed to cyclic.

1. Review- By what two processes is water cycled from land to the atmosphere Sequence- Describe one way in which water from Lake Superior may make one.

BELL RINGER – 3 Minutes STATE the purpose of Photosynthesis in plants EVALUATE the statement: – “Plant cells do photosynthesis instead of respiration to.

The Rock Cycle. Sedimentary Processes 1 2) & 3) Sediments are transported and deposited 4.

Carbon Cycle. Carbon Carbonic acid ( HCO 3 − ) Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO 3 ) Deposits of Fossil fuels Carbon exists in the nonliving.

Carbon Cycle. Carbon Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbonic acid ( HCO 3 − ) Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral.

Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties.

Measurement of Carbonate Minerals in Aerosol Samples- A Preliminary Study Johann Engelbrecht Desert Research Institute.

Chapter 11 Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone.

Paleoproterozoic Snowball Earth: Earth is glaciated to the equator 2

Methane CH4 Greenhouse gas (~20x more powerful than CO2)

Water quality issues – ‘natural’ controls Acidity – low pH due to infiltration of acidified precipitation; acids from mine drainage; pyrite oxidation.

The life of carbon in photosynthesis Carbon. What happens to carbon during photosynthesis? First, let’s start off with what photosynthesis is. Photosynthesis.

Chemical Weathering. I. Introduction Chemical Weathering I. Introduction II. Process of Decomposition A. Overview: Decomposition alters minerals into.

II. The Living Planet A. The Earth System. ENERGY MATTER ENERGY First and second laws???? INPUTSBOUNDARYOUTPUTS.

Biogeochemical Cycles

Chapter 29 Minerals and the Environment. LIST EVERYTHING THAT IS IN A PENCIL.

STROMATOLITES. strōma, mattress, bed, stratum lithos, rock Means “ stony carpet ” Are considered as accretionary structure. Formed in shallow water by.

CARBON ISOTOPES. Standards Vary 12 C 98.89‰ 13 C 1.11‰ 12 C 98.89‰ 13 C 1.11‰ 3 basic, fairly stable isotopes of Carbon, C 12, C 13, and C 14 C 14 is.

Abstract/Background Worldwide, corrosion of drinking water pipes and build-up of scales on the interior pipe wall impacts both the quality and quantity.

Minerals Mrs. Griffin Hannes GrobeHannes Grobe 23:31, 16 December 2006 (UTC.

Chapter 27 Minerals and the Environment. Importance of Minerals to Society Standard of living increases with availability –Success in locating, extracting,

Formation of Mineral Deposits

The Carbon Cycle. By James Burrows, Nadia Molinero, Emilie Vanness and Tatijana Vujicic.

The geochemistry of Thai paddy soils

Chasing Precambrian Paleo-redox Yanan Shen Harvard University PHANEROZOIC NEOPROTEROZOIC MESOPROTEROZOIC PALEOPROTEROZOIC PROTEROZOIC ARCHEAN HADEAN.

Background in Biogeochemistry Some aspects of element composition and behavior are illustrated in Table 1. The major elements include Si, C, Al and Ca.

 Earth’s crust is the major source of metals.  The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth’s crust are known as Minerals.  Ores are.

Energy in ecosystems Photosynthesis – the processof combining carbon dioxide and water using sunlight energy to produce sugar (glucose). CO 2 + H 2 O —>

Wake-up 1.What organelle is the location of aerobic respiration? 1.Explain how aerobic respiration is different from anaerobic respiration?

Sources of nutrients to terrestrial systems

Biogeochemical Cycles

 Although energy is essential for life, organisms need much more  Over 95% of most living organisms are made up of just 4 elements 1.Oxygen 2.Carbon.

Aim: What is photosynthesis? I. Photosynthesis – the process in which green plants take in CO 2 and H 2 O in the presence of sunlight and create glucose.

Fig 5.12 WHERE DO SEDIMENTS ORIGINATE? WEATHERING OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS.

Photosynthesis and Respiration Cell Processes and Energy.

ASPECTS OF AQUATIC REDOX CHEMISTRY. PART - I REDOX CONDITIONS IN NATURAL WATERS Redox conditions in natural waters are controlled largely by photosynthesis.

1. What is manganese (Mn) and what is it used for? What mineral forms does it occur in? How has the amount of Mn changed through time? How has the chemistry.

1 Basin Analysis and Ored Deposits: Manganese Ores of Mexico.

Producers and Consumers: the Living Components of Ecosystems BASIC ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE Biotic vs. Abiotic Producers, autotrophs … TROPH = EATING/FEEDING.

Chapter 5: The Chemistry of Life. Biogeochemical Cycles A biogeochemical cycle is the complete path a chemical takes through the four major components.

Microbes, e- flow Catabolism – breakdown of any compound for energy

Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycles

The Carbon Cycle. Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system Why is it important? 1. Regulates temperature of the planet 2. Important for life in the ocean 3.

Chapter 3.  Matter recycles within and b/w ecosystems  Matter moves through in cycles  Never created or destroyed- just changes form!

Cycles of Matter. More Than Just Energy All living organisms need energy to survive, but they also need….. 1.Water 2.Minerals 3.And other life sustaining.

The Global Oxygen Cycle

Lecture on Minerals.

Wake-up What organelle is the location of aerobic respiration?

222Rn, oxygen, nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate)

How do organisms get food?

Sequence of chemical compounds being reduced in soil after submergence

24.1 The Structure of Cells Two major cell types occur in nature: the cells of bacteria, known as prokaryotic cells, and the cells of all other organisms,

Chapter 3.3 Cycles of matter.

Aim: Nutrition, Respiration & Photosynthesis … OH MY!!!

PRECAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC.

THE CYCLING OF Carbon.

Oxygen Reactions.

Cellular Respiration 2.8.

Presentation transcript:

PRECAMBRIAN MANGANESE DEPOSITS: GEOLOGICAL SETTING, METALLOGENESIS AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS NIC BEUKES AND JENS GUTZMER* Paleoproterozoic Mineralization Research Group Department of Geology University of Johannesburg 8 Department of Mineralogy, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany. UNESP, Brazil, 2011

PRECAMBRIAN MANGANESE DEPOSITS: GEOLOGICAL SETTING, METALLOGENESIS AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OUTLINE PART 1; DISTRIBUTION, CLASSIFICATION, RESERVES, TEMPORAL VARIATIONS, CHEMICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS ON DEPOSITION PART 2: DEPOSITS PREDATING GOE PART 3: DEPOSITS IMMEDIATELY POSTDATING GOE PART4: MESOPROTEROZOIC DEPOSITS PART 5; NEOPROTEROZOIC DEPOSITS AND CONCLUSION

Geographic Distribution of important deposits Mangyshlak Nikopol Chiatura Imini Sinian Sausar Molango Tambao IOG Goa Nsuta Serra do Navio Moanda Azul Kisenge Groote Eylandt Urucum Woodie Woodie KMF PMF Manganese Deposits

MINERALOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Mn-carbonate ± Mn-oxide Kutnahorite Ca(Mn2+, Mg)(CO3)2 Rhodochrosite (Mn,Ca)CO3 Mn-calcite (Ca, Mn)CO3 Mn-oxide ± carbonate Braunite Mn2+Mn3+6SiO12 Hausmannite Mn2+Mn3+2O4 Bixbyite Hematite Fe2O3 Supergene altered Mn4+ oxyhydroxide Todorokite (Na, Ca)Mg2+Mn2+lMn4+6-lO12 * xH2O Manganomelane (K, Na, Ba)Mn4+8O16 * xH2O Pyrolusite Mn4+O2

Genetic subdivision of important Mn deposits BIF-associated deposits Kalahari Manganese Field Rooinekke Urucum, Otjosondu, Malyi Khingan Shallow marine oolitic/oncolitic deposits Nikopol, Bol’se Tokmak, Chiatura, Mangyshlak Groote Eylandt Bronkhorstfontein (Tolwe, South Africa) Black shale-hosted deposits Azul Moanda, Nsuta, Tambao, Serro do Navio, Kisenge Goa, Sausar, IOG, Sinian, Woodie-Woodie Molango, Cambrian in China (Taojiang etc.) Karst-associated deposits Imini Postmasburg manganese field, Woodie Woodie

Geographic Distribution of important deposits Malyi Khingan Mangyshlak Nikopol Chiatura Sinian Imini Sausar Molango Tambao IOG Goa Nsuta Serra do Navio Moanda Azul Kisenge Groote Eylandt Otjosondu Urucum Bronkhorstfontein R-KMF Woodie Woodie PMF Manganese Deposits

Total mineral resource: ca. 5 Gt Temporal Distribution Total mineral resource: ca. 5 Gt Manganese Deposits

Global Mn ore production Total production: ~ 12 Mt Manganese Deposits

South Africa’s manganese wealth (resources) The KMF: ~ 4billion tons of mineable resource ~ 80% of world’s resource Mineral Reserve position of South Africa, 2003 (from DME 21st edition of South Africa’s Mineral Industry Report, 2004) Manganese Deposits

SA manganese mining in global context South Africa’s Role in World Mineral Production, 2003 (from DME 21st edition of South Africa’s Mineral Industry Report, 2004) Manganese Deposits

Concentration of Mn in Precambrian vs Phanerozoic Manganese Deposits

Mn in sediments - a tale of three oxidation states Immobile Mobile Immobile Manganese Deposits

Inorganic Precipitation of Mn-oxides Experimental studies (Hem and Lind, 1983) showed: Mn2+ is oxidized to either metastable Mn3+ oxyhydroxide (manganite) or mixed valency state mineral like hausmannite. Manganite subsequently transforms to MnO2; hausmannite transforms to Mn2+ and MnO2 These steps limits rate of formation of MnO2 Reaction rates enhanced by Mn-oxidizing microbes Manganese Deposits

Microbial Catalization of Mn-oxide Precipitation Precipitation by Mn-oxidizing Chemolithoautotrophs 13Mn2+ + 6CO2 + 0.5O2 + 19H2O = C6H12O6 + 13MnO2 + 26H+ (1) 12Mn2+ + 6CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + 12MnO2 + 24H+ (2) Overall Reaction: Mn2+ + 0,5O2 + H2O = MnO2 + 2H+ (0,5 autotrophy and 0,5 chemolithotrophy) Manganese Deposits

Microbial catalization process Bacteria first enzymatically oxidize Mn2+ to Mn3+ 2Mn2+ + 0,5O2 + 2H+ = 2Mn3+ + H2O This Mn3+ remains bound to manganese oxidizing enzyme The same enzyme then catalyzes the oxidation of bound Mn3+ to MnO2 via reaction 2Mn3+ +0,5O2 + 3H2O = 2MnO2 + 6H+ These reactions not only accelerates transformation of Mn3+ to Mn4+ but also ensures that more Mn3+ is converted to MnO2 than the only about 50% in case of disproportionation of hausmannite Manganese Deposits

Manganese Respiration

Manganese and Timing of Oxygenic Photosynthesis GOE

Anoxygenic vs Oxygenic Photosynthesis CO2 + 2H2S CH2O + 2S +H2O Oxygenic CO2 + 2H2O CH2O + O2 Sunlight Sunlight When did the latter develop?

Unlike iron no anaerobic oxidation of Mn known: Mn oxidation implies presence of free oxygen

Microbial Catalization of Mn-oxide Precipitation Mn oxidation requires free oxygen: Oxygen = oxygenic photosynthesis Precipitation by Mn-oxidizing Chemolithoautotrophs 13Mn2+ + 6CO2 + 0.5O2 + 19H2O = C6H12O6 + 13MnO2 + 26H+ (1) 12Mn2+ + 6CO2 + H2O = C6H12O6 + 12MnO2 + 24H+ (2) Overall Reaction: Mn2+ + 0,5O2 + H2O = MnO2 + 2H+ (0,5 autotrophy and 0,5 chemolithotrophy) Manganese Deposits

Precambrian Mn Deposits Temporal Litho- and Chemofacies Distribution Manganese Deposits

GOE Manganese Deposits