Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Significant Eras in US Car Culture ≈ … 1920s-30s 1950s-60s 1990s-yesterday afternoon!

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley The Beginnings 1890s-1908 Background Gilded Age industry "Robber Barons" e.g., Steel : Andrew Carnegie; Petroleum: John D Rockefeller; RRs: Ch Crocker, H. E. Huntington, etc. Auto: Henry Ford... urbanization (→ slums) "New Immigration" (xenophobia → Nat'l Origins Act) institutional racism (e.g., Plessy vs Ferguson 1896)

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley The Beginnings 1890s-1908 Background 19C & 20C transportation revolution Ships - steam RR airplane car (& truck) Other industries & infrastructure Steel Petroleum Roads & highways Ford Quadricycle 1896 Wright brothers 1903

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Carriage (Buggy) Background Tech Characteristics of Carriage, etc. wood structure high wheels / solid tires steering: pivoting front axle brake clamps wheel suspension: springs (no shock absorbers) little passenger protection driving skill required: horses Manufacture: (often) unique parts Surrey

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Beginnings Curved-Dash Olds Dash(board) Tiller (rather than steering wheel) Spring Surrey Come away w/ me, Lucille In my merry Oldsmobile Down the road of life we'll fly All the more bubbly you and I To the church we'll swiftly steal Then our wedding bells will peal You can go as far as you like w/ me In my merry Oldsmobile Ransom Olds driving "Pirate" racing car ≈ 1897

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Beginnings De Dion Bouton (French) “Staten Island”

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley NYC Staten Island Manhattan C.W. Hunt, Jr Date 1901 or 1902 Place - Grimes Hill, Staten Island Car - De Dion Bouton (Belgian) Engine 3 ½ HP Single cylinder, vertical, later replaced with one of 5HP when Mrs Hunt got tired of having to hop out and walk up the hills & being sometimes required also to push. Transmission - two speeds forward & no reverse. When you had to back up, you hopped out and pushed unless you could persuade your passengers to do it, which was unusual. Brake - inadequate forward and no good at all backward. Spark plug had to be cleaned every 3 miles. Top speed - something less than 20 m.p.h. with no head wind, & the top down. Dog - Collie named “Laddie”. He had cataracts in both eyes and drank beer when he could get it. technical advances after 1895 materials (wood gave way to metal, usually steel) engine components transmission brakes steering gear suspension wheels & tires body style & structure production procedures, incl interchangeable parts

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Beginnings Early power sources gasoline (petroleum): internal combustion engine electricity e.g., Columbia electric 1904 steam e.g., Stanley Early industrial & marketing strategies piston valves spark plug crank shaft

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Henry Ford’s New Industrial Strategy Manufacturing & Marketing High volume production Low profit per unit Customer Appeal Cheap, easy-to-maintain & run Ford Model N 1906

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Model T: the “Tin Lizzie” Same strategy: one model, reduce production costs... Ford Model T Henry Ford w/ Model T

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Highland Park & “Fordism” this photo swaps back & forth between photo & painting got to this exact photo 08/02/2011, start w/ river rouge next time 15/02/2011 (& then go on to e.g., GM?)

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley River Rouge small photo is of tool & die shop (i.e., part of factory not for production of cars, but for production of tools to make cars)

Master LLCE Anglais Civilisation Moderne Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley A (Somewhat) Different Approach 1908: General Motors founded William Durant manufactured parts for auto industry already sold Fords… Buick, Oldsmobile Cadillac, Cartercar, Elmore, Ewing, and Oakland (→ Pontiac). Reliance Motor Truck Company, Rapid Motor Vehicle Company 1911 Chevrolet Motor Company (→ GM 1917)