1 Summary of Research “Mapping Shrimp Feed Supply Chain in Songkhla Province to Facilitate Feed Dialogue” Submitted to Oxfam Thailand in March July 2014 Lead Researcher: Sarinee Achavanuntakul, Sal Forest Co. Ltd. Research Team: James True, Srisakul Piromwarakorn Prince of Songkhla University Pattraporn Yamla-Or, Koranis Tanangsnakool, Sasiwimon Klongakkara Sal Forest Ltd. :

2 “Sustainable Business Accelerator” Sal Forest is Thailand’s first sustainable business accelerator. We aim to jumpstart and sustain a public discourse on sustainable business via events, print and online media, as well as conducting research on important sustainability issues in Thailand and social impact assessment. Who is Sal Forest?

3 Knowledge Dissemination Knowledge Development Creating Network and Public Awareness Tours Training Books & Web Research Impact Assess ment Seminar Sal Forest’s products and services

Research Objectives 4  To establish and quantify, as much as possible, the impact of shrimp feed industry on the livelihood of fishing communities in Songkhla  To map the supply chain of shrimp feed industry in Songkhla, including market shares and key activities of major stakeholders in supply chain, and  To review environmentally sustainable business practices carried out in the similar context and formulate practical recommendations for further discussion with business stakeholders

5 Overview of fishing industry: Thailand Catch Per Unit Effort from 1961 – 2010 (kilograms per hour) Source: Boonwanich & Boonpakdee, 2009

6 Source: Department of Fisheries,

7 Songkhla fishmeal industry: impact and size  Fishmeal industry creates impacts on ecosystem and local artisanal fishing community  It is the main market of “by- catch,” including under-sized and juvenile fish; therefore, supports the continued existence of destructive fishing conducts  In 2011, Songkhla was Thailand’s second largest fishmeal producer, the largest of the South, and accounted for 12.03% of country’s total fishmeal production.  62% of catch landed in Songkhla is by-catch, approximately 6.5 tons/vessel, totaling est. 25,000 tons per year

8 Map of fishmeal supply chain in Songkhla Source: Interviews and analysis by research team

9 Fishmeal supply chain & by- catch usage  In 2013, 8 of 9 fishmeal producers in Songkhla produced 28,509 tons of fishmeal in total  100,215 tons of raw materials >> trimmings 79,965 tons (80%), whole fish 20,250 tons (20%), of which 5,760 tons were by-catch landed in Songkhla  66% (18,814 tons) of fishmeal were sold to large feed mills, namely CPF 45%, Betagro 17%, Thaiunion Feedmill 11%  1,527 tons of fishmeal produced from by- catch were sold to  CPF 575 tons or 37.6% (300 tons of which were traceable)  Farms 300 tons or 19.7% (all were traceable)  Brokers 652 tons or 42.7% (all were traceable)

10 Shortcomings of Thai fisheries law & draft new law  Shortcomings of Thai Fisheries Act, 1947  Fishing area is not clearly identified  Inappropriate fishing gears and practices (e.g. small mesh size) are not illegal  Violators must be “caught in the act”  Draft of the new fisheries act  To effectively and efficiently respond to present fishing activities  Clearer demarcation of fishing grounds and defined authority to mandate type, number, size, and components of fishing gears should help make damaging practices illegal

11 Many Thai companies subscribe to int’l standards  6 most popular international standards and certified Thai companies (as of February, 2014) IFFO RS CPF and T.C. Union Agrotech are member ASC No Thai company certified under these standards MSC Thai companies that have plants certified Global G.A.P. As of Feb 2014, only CPF is certified. (Thaiunion and Krungthai certifications have expired in 2013.) Friend of the Sea Thai Spring Fish BAP 29 processing plants 34 farms 8 hatcheries 6 feed mills

12 Fishmeal certificate scheme  To date, CPF is the only feed mill that submitted documents to Department of Fisheries for verification  There were 1,752 fishmeal certificates from 26 fishmeal producers during a period from 10 June – 31 December 2013  Paper trail only – no way to verify actual fishing conducts and fishing location

13 Four decades until “sustainable fishing” era in Peru Source: Freon et. al, 2008

14 Lessons from Peru  The need for standards that encompass all players as well as a combination of laws and industry involvement and self-regulation  The need to utilize science-based data and technology to ensure sustainability and effective enforcement  The clearer the business case for sustainability, the more incentives players have to comply with sustainability laws/standards/schemes

Thank you! Summary report can be downloaded from page “Knowledge” om/knowledge/trashfis h-research-aug 15