Homo empathicus: Dissecting the ‘warm glow’ of prosocial behavior 2014 Van der Gaag Symposium 24 June 2014 Introduction1

Program Welcome Marco van Leeuwen: Giving in the Golden Age Paul van Lange: Trust: the key to prosocial behavior Lunch Sara Konrath: Genes, hormones and prosociality Joan Grusec: Prosocial behavior from a domains-of- socialization perspective Tea/coffee Jorg Massen: Evolution of pro-sociality Discussion Dinner at Restaurant ‘In de Waag’ Introduction2

What motivates prosocial behavior? Introduction to the symposium René Bekkers (VU Amsterdam) Introduction3

4 Pure altruismImpure altruism

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Wall Street is an early example of Dutch philanthropy Introduction8

“Stuyvesant called upon the 43 richest residents of New Amsterdam to provide funding to fix up the ailing Fort Amsterdam and to construct a stockade across the island to prevent attacks from the north, while it took New Amsterdam's most oppressed inhabitants -- slave labor from the Dutch West India Company -- to actually build the wall.” Russell Shorto – The Island at the Center of the World Introduction9

The Rijksmuseum (1885) Introduction10

The concert hall (1886) Introduction11

Prosocial behavior Formal: philanthropy MoneyTime Informal: helping Social support Care Introduction12

Charity Introduction13

φιλανθρωπια Introduction14

Too many research questions Which elements make people glow warmer when they give? Which of these ingredients burns up fastest? Where does the ‘joy of giving’ come from? How are different motivations connected to different sorts of prosocial behavior? How are motivations for prosocial behavior contingent upon historical events? What do empirical regularities in current manifestations of prosocial behavior among humans and other species tell us about the evolutionary origins of prosociality? What implications do various motivations have for public policy and the production and organization of public goods in practice? Introduction15

What is the ‘Warm Glow’? Introduction16

Why do people give? People give more (often) when 1.There is a clear needneed 2.They are being askedsolicitation 3.Costs are lower, and benefits are highercosts/benefits 4.They care about the recipients altruism 5.They receive social benefitsreputation 6.They receive psychological benefitsself-rewards 7.The cause matches their values values 8.Donations are perceived to be efficientefficacy Source: Bekkers, R. & Wiepking, P. (2011). ‘A Literature Review of Empirical Studies of Philanthropy: Eight Mechanisms that Drive Charitable Giving’. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5): Available at 17Introduction

Why do people give? People give more (often) when 1.There is a clear needneed 2.They are being askedsolicitation 3.Costs are lower, benefits are highercosts/benefits 4.They care about the recipients altruism 5.They receive social benefitsreputation 6.They receive psychological benefitsself-rewards 7.The cause matches their values values 8.Donations are perceived as efficientefficacy AND HERE HERE IS THE WARM GLOW 18Introduction

Attention to altruism Introduction19 Mechanisms studied in articles covered by the 2011 literature review of philanthropy

Attention to altruism Introduction20 Number of articles relative to total per decade

21 Who’s watching? Introduction Choices of 302 high school students participating in a dictator game with charities as recipients in a nationwide survey experiment (Spring 2009)

The power of suggestion Amounts donated by 6,672 Utrecht University alumni in April-May Introduction

A price is not a price Proportion of reward donated in a dictator game with charities as recipients by 518 GINPS04 respondents (Source: Bekkers, 2006) +46% +90% Introduction23

The remaining program Marco van Leeuwen: Giving in the Golden Age Paul van Lange: Trust: the key to prosocial behavior Lunch Sara Konrath: Genes, hormones and prosociality Joan Grusec: Prosocial behavior from a domains-of- socialization perspective Tea/coffee Jorg Massen: Evolution of pro-sociality Discussion Dinner at Restaurant ‘In de Waag’ Introduction24

Group discussion How do you see the field of research on prosocial behavior in other disciplines? What do you take home from today? Introduction25

Distinctions we have heard One concept: prosocial Two altruism parameters, pure and impure Three groups of determinants (11 in total) The four Why’s (Tinbergen) Five domains of socialization Eight mechanisms in giving Introduction26

Too many research questions  Which elements make people glow warmer when they give?  Which of these ingredients burns up fastest?  Where does the ‘joy of giving’ come from?  How are different motivations connected to different sorts of prosocial behavior? Introduction27

Too many research questions  How are motivations for prosocial behavior contingent upon historical events?  What do empirical regularities in current manifestations of prosocial behavior among humans and other species tell us about the evolutionary origins of prosociality?  What implications do various motivations have for public policy and the production and organization of public goods in practice? Introduction28