Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Non-Conventional Energy Sources

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Environmental Aspect of Energy Degradation of Air, Water and Soil Main reasons Energy generation and its utilisation Conversion losses, by products Trade-off has to be established between energy and environment.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Environmental Aspect of Energy Ecology Greenhouse effect Consequences of global warming Pollution - Indoor -Outdoor

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy-Economy-Energy and Sustainable Development The strategy for mitigating three Es issues is – Sustainable economic development. Herman Daly: Ecological economist 1. The consumption rate of renewable resources is not higher than its recovery rate. 2. The consumption rate of non-renewable resources is not higher than the rate of increase in renewable resource supply. 3. The emission of pollutants is within the absorption capacity of the environment.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status In 2008 the annual primary energy consumption of the world is 500 exajoules or x 10 to the power 12 KWH or 1.5 x 10 to the power 7 MW. Fossil power provides 90 % of total. 25 % (approx.) of this energy used in transportation 75% in industries, domestic, agriculture and social consumers. Growth forecast: 2.2 % during % of this will come from developing countries.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Conventional Resources Fossil fuels North America: 19.81% Russia: 23.77% Middle East: 17.88% China: 8.57% Australia and East Asia: 7.71% India: 6.85% Africa: 6.75% Europe: 5.03%

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Hydro Resources: 7,78,038 MW or 20 % of total electric power generation capacity. Industrialized countries: 66% Developing countries: 34% China: 1,00,000 MW USA: 77,350 MW Canada: 71,978 MW Brazil : 71,060 MW Russia: 45,000 MW Norway derives 90% of total power from hydro resources.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Nuclear Resources(2008): 439 plants, 371,989 MW or 16 % of world’s electricity. France produces 78% of total power from this. EU around 30% of total electricity. By 2050 AD FBR will be the main source of power By 2500 AD, Nuclear Fusion will be main source of power

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources 1. Solar Energy: earth continuously intercepts solar power of 178 billion MW, which is 10,000 times more than world’s demand. 2. Solar PV is expensive at present 3. Capital cost is Rs.20 crore/MW while that of thermal plant is Rs.4 crore/MW

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources Wind energy( 1.6 x 10 to the power 7 MW) 1. Cheapest renewable energy source at present. 2. Installation cost Rs.4 crore/MW 3. World wide installation: 94,100 MW or 1 % of total electricity generated % of total electricity in Denmark. 5. Germany is the world leader: 22,247 MW

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources Biomass energy 1. Trees( wood, leaves and forest industry wastes) 2. Cultivated plants grown for energy 3. Algae and other vegetations from oceans and lakes 4. Urban wastes ( municipal and industrial wastes) 5. Rural wastes ( agricultural and animal wastes, crop residues, etc )

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack

World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources Geothermal energy( 2005) 8,932 MW electrical power and 28,266 MW of direct thermal energy use. Growth 3% for electricity and 7.5% for thermal use Hawai produces 25 % total electricity from this Oldest plant at Lordarello in Italy(460 MW)

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack

World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources Ocean tidal energy The first and biggest plant at the mouth of La Rance River in France ( 240 MW) More predictable than solar and wind energy

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources Ocean wave energy -First and biggest plant is at Portugal (2250 MW) -50 KW per meter of shoreline potential - 50,000 MW potential

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack World energy status: Availability of resources and future trends Non-Conventional Sources Ocean thermal energy conversion Potential is more than that of tidal or wave energy. Is in infant stage.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Per capita energy consumption in India is 702 KWH while that of world average is 2600 KWH (2007) Sector wise energy consumption Industry49% Transport22% Residential10% Agriculture5% Others14%

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Electrical Power generation(2008) Thermal Coal76648 MW52.8 % Gas14716 MW10 % Diesel 1199 MW0.8 % Nuclear 4120 MW2.8 % Hydro36033 MW24.8 % Renewable12194 MW8.4 % Total1,44,910 MW

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Conventional Sources Fossil fuel: 4 th largest producer of coal. Recoverable coal: 90 billion tonnes ( 10% of world reserve) 0.6 % of oil & gas reserve Oil & gas account for 40 % of total energy consumption 35 % of oil is domestically produced. Crude oil reserve will last for 22 years at present rate of consumption and natural gas will last 30 years.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Conventional Sources Hydro Resources potential capacity : 1,00,000 MW Developed capacity: 36,033 MW Seventh largest producer

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Conventional Sources Nuclear Resources - 20,000 MW by stage1,2,3

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources - potential : 1,00,000 MW - Share to become 10 % by 2012.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources Wind energy - Growth 35 % in last three years - Fourth position in the world( after Germany, USA and Spain) - Current installation: 8,696 MW - Target 10,000 MW by 2012

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources Solar energy -India receives 5,000 trillion KWH per year solar energy. - daily global radiation is around 5 KWH per sq.m per day. -Use for heating and direct generation of electricity.

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources Biomass energy -Potential 16,881 MW from agro residues, 5,000 MW from bagasse through cogeneration and 2700 MW from urban wastes. - Bio-diesel

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources Small hydro resources( less than 25 MW) - total potential : 15,000 MW - Developed : 2,015 MW ( 611 plants) - Mini: less than 1 MW - Micro: less than 100 KW

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources Geothermal Energy - Potential : 10,000 MW hot springs have been identified KW plant at Chattisgarh

Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Energy Scenario in India Non-Conventional Sources Ocean Tidal energy - Potential : 9,000 MW Ocean wave and OTEC Resources - A 150 KW pilot plant in operation near Thiruvananthapuram. - Potential : 0.02 MW/m of wavefront. Fuel Cell and Hydrogen energy