Applied Child & Adolescent Development Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Emerging Adulthood Multidimensional, multidirectional Gradual transition from late teens until early twenties exploring education, work, values, relationships few strict social expectations attitudes and values broaden Can explore in breadth and in depth Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Have Young Adults Reached Adulthood? Figure 14.1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Dual-Cycle Model in Early College Years Cycle between making and evaluating commitments In-depth exploration and certainty better social adjustment better academic adjustment Personal agency DigitalVision Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Emerging Adulthood and Cultural Change, Variations Rapid cultural change offers new challenges. entry-level jobs require more education delays in financial independence delays in career commitment typical in wealthy nations In developing nations, only for privileged Unknown in traditional, rural-based nations Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Emerging Adulthood in Collectivist Cultures, Low-SES Social considerations Role attainment as sign of adulthood Self-control Low-SES Emerging adulthood limited or nonexistent Floundering period unemployment low-paying jobs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Fostering Success in Emerging Adulthood Resilience cognitive attributes emotional attributes social attributes social support DigitalVision Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy versus Isolation Making a permanent commitment to intimate partner Involves giving up some new independence, redefining identity Strong identity helps Affects friendships, work Isolation Loneliness, self-absorption Hesitant to form close ties Fear of losing identity compete reject differences threatened by closeness Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Levinson’s Early Adult Season Early adult transition dream mentor Early adulthood life structure men: “settling down” women: split dreams Age-30 transition reevaluate life structure often focus on underdeveloped aspects can be time of crisis ©David Gilder/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Vaillant’s Adaptation to Life Twenties – intimacy concerns Thirties – career consolidation Forties – generativity Fifties to Sixties – “keepers of meaning” Seventies – spiritual and reflective Absolute Family Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social Clock Age-graded expectations for life events Less rigid than in earlier generations Following social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability Distress if not following or falling behind ©Ron Chapple Studios/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Selecting a Mate Physical proximity Most select partners who are similar Gender differences women: intelligence, ambition, financial status, morals men: attractiveness, domestic skills Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Childhood Attachment and Adult Romantic Relationships Attachment History Working Model Adult Relationships Secure comfortable with intimacy; unafraid of abandonment trust, happiness, friendship Avoidant stress independence, mistrust, anxiety about closeness jealousy, emotional distance, little physical pleasure, unrealistic beliefs Resistant seek quick love, complete merging jealousy, desperation, emotional highs and lows Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Triangular Theory of Love Three components intimacy passion commitment Passionate love early; companionate love later passion gradually fades while intimacy, commitment grow Cultural differences Absolute Family Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Keeping Love Alive Show interest in important aspects of your partner’s life. Confide in your partner. Forgive minor offenses. Try to understand major offenses. Make time for the relationship. Tell your partner you love him/her. Be available when your partner needs you. Communicate constructively about problems. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Friendships in Early Adulthood Friends usually similar age, sex, SES Common interests, experiences, needs add to pleasure of friendship Enhance self-esteem, make life more interesting Trust, intimacy, and loyalty continue to be important Siblings often friends Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender and Friendship Same-Sex Friendships Gender differences women’s more intimate Individual differences longer friendships more intimate single people more intimate with friends Other-Sex Friendships Fewer, shorter-lasting than same-sex educated, employed women have most Benefits to both genders men: opportunity for expression women: new views Sexual attraction must be considered. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Personal characteristics Factors in Loneliness Age peaks in late teens, early twenties declines through seventies Circumstances separated, divorced, widowed uninvolved men immigrants to individualist from collectivist cultures Personal characteristics socially anxious insecure models of attachment defeating behaviors, attitudes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Loneliness and Emotional Distress at Different Ages Figure 14.2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Family Life Cycle Early adulthood leaving home joining families in marriage parenthood Middle adulthood launching children Late adulthood retirement death of spouse ©Jarenwicklund/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Leaving Home Average age decreasing 50% of 18- to 25-year-olds live with parent depart for education earlier, marriage later too early may be long-term disadvantage Many return briefly Culture, SES, ethnicity affect ability, interest in leaving Family relationships can improve. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Trends in Marriage Marrying later Nearly 90% marry at least once Fewer marriages staying single, cohabiting, not remarrying Legalization of same-sex marriage in some places “Mixed” marriages increasingly common ©Valeriya Potapova/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Traditional and Egalitarian Marriages Clear division of roles woman: cares for husband, children, home man: head of household, economic support Egalitarian Partners as equals share authority balance attention to jobs, children, home, spouse Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender and Housework Figure 14.3 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Related to Marital Satisfaction Family backgrounds Age at marriage Length of courtship Timing of first pregnancy Relationship to extended family Financial and employment status Family responsibilities Personality characteristics ©Orange Line Media/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Partner Abuse Men and women both become violent same-sex or other-sex partnerships women more likely to get seriously injured Violence–remorse cycles common Factors include: personality developmental history family circumstances culture Much treatment not very effective need whole-family approach, alcohol treatment, services for men Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assaults Against Women by Intimate Partners Figure 14.4 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Trends in Having Children In United States, fewer married couples have children (70%) mothers’ careers less social criticism Delay first child Smaller numbers of children average of 2 or fewer Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Decision to Have Children Advantages Warmth and affection Stimulation and fun Seen as mature community member Carry on family name Sense of accomplishment Decrease selfish nature Family resource Disadvantages Loss of freedom Financial strain Role overload Affect mother’s job Imperfect world Adds to worries Reduced time with partner Loss of privacy Fear of “bad” children Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Transition to Parenthood Many profound changes Roles often become more traditional. roles get less traditional with second birth Marriage can be strained. problems before children predict problems after sharing care predicts happiness Later parenthood eases transition. couple’s groups, paid leave help, too Absolute Family Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parenting Powerful source of adult development With young children best parents work together as coparenting team challenges: few social supports; hard to find child care With adolescents brings sharp changes challenges: negotiation of roles, dip in marital satisfaction FamilyLife Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parent Education Parenting books, magazines Doctors Social networks especially mothers Classes ©Ron Chapple Studios/Dreamstime.com Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Singlehood Increasing One-third of males, one-fourth of females 8-10% single for life Gender differences women more likely to stay single more high-SES women, low-SES men single after age 30 Ethnic differences African Americans single longer Advantages and disadvantages Stressful periods late twenties mid-thirties for women Teens and Young Adults Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cohabitation Unmarried, sexually intimate, living together Increasing Can be preparation for marriage North Americans who cohabit before marriage more likely to divorce Can be alternative to marriage more accepted in Western Europe Cohabiting gay and lesbian couples report strong commitment. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Childlessness Involuntary no parenthood partner infertile may be dissatisfied Voluntary usually college-educated, committed to prestigious jobs About 20% of women Negative stereotypes weakening Lovers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Divorce Rates Stabilized since 1980s In U.S., about 45% about 10% higher for remarriages soon after first marriage First seven years, midlife most common times young and adolescent children involved Lovers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Causes and Factors in Divorce Ineffective problem solving Separate lives Major problems: infidelity, money issues, substance abuse Background factors: age, religion, prior divorce, family background SES Gender roles, expectations Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ©Cheryl Casey/Dreamstime.com

Consequences of Divorce Major change of life and self opportunities for positive and negative change Immediate consequences generally subside in 2 years disrupted social networks, support increased anxiety, depression, impulsive behavior traditional women, noncustodial fathers may have more problems New partner helps satisfaction more important to men Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Remarriage After Divorce Most remarry within 4 years of divorce men sooner than women Vulnerable to breakup reasons for marriage often too pragmatic carry over negative patterns view divorce as acceptable resolution stepfamily stress Takes 3–5 years to blend new family education, couples and family counseling can help Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Variant Styles of Parenthood Stepparenting higher levels of tension, disagreement stepmothers most likely to experience conflict higher divorce rates Never-married single parents affects about 10% of U.S. children largest group is young African-American women often rely on extended family children lacking father’s involvement fare poorly Gay and lesbian parents heterosexual partner, adoption, assisted reproduction children similar to peers in cognitive measures may build “families of choice” Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Career Development in Early Adulthood Disappointment near start of career common many job changes in twenties most settle in after evaluation and adjustment Adjust expectations to opportunities to advance fewer opportunities, more work disengagement Self-efficacy, mentoring affect adjustment, success Disabilities Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Challenges to Women’s Career Development Discontinuous employment leave for child rearing, family care hinders advancement Concentration in low-paying, low-advancement jobs contributes to salary gap Low self-efficacy for male-dominated fields Gender stereotyping Few mentors Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Challenges to Ethnic Minorities’ Career Development Racial bias in workplace still remains. harder to find job harder to advance Ethnic minority women face combined discrimination. Successful women have high self-efficacy. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hiring Bias Figure 14.5 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Work–Family Balance Dual-earner marriages are the dominant family form. most also parents Role overload is a common problem. especially for women in low-status jobs Workplace supports can help. time flexibility Effective balancing benefits home and work. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.