Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 16 Emotional and Social Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Erikson’s Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation Generativity Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation Commitment extends beyond self Commitment extends beyond self Often realized through child rearing Often realized through child rearing Other family, work, mentoring relationships also generative Other family, work, mentoring relationships also generativeStagnation Place own comfort and security above challenge and sacrifice Place own comfort and security above challenge and sacrifice Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed Lack of involvement or concern with young people Lack of involvement or concern with young people Little interest in work productivity, self- improvement Little interest in work productivity, self- improvement

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging, Generativity, and Self-Perceptions Figure 16.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Highly Generative Adults Commitment story: family, community, society turning bad life events into good turning bad life events into good giving back, redemption giving back, redemption personal renewal or enlightenment personal renewal or enlightenment Interpretation of life events affects level of generativitiy high level leads to greater life satisfaction high level leads to greater life satisfaction

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Levinson’s Middle Adulthood Season Midlife transition (40–45) sense of time running out in life sense of time running out in life evaluate early adulthood evaluate early adulthood make drastic or small changes make drastic or small changes Entry life structure (45–50) Age-50 transition (50–55) Culminating life structure (55–60)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Levinson’s Four Tasks of Middle Adulthood Young–Old Find new ways of being both young and old. Destruction– Creation Acknowledge past destructiveness; try to create products of value. Masculinity– Femininity Balance masculine and feminine parts of self. Engagement– Separateness Balance involvement with external world and separateness from it.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Concern About Physical Aging Figure 16.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vaillant’s View of Midlife Keepers of meaning guardians of culture guardians of culture adults in forties and fifties carry responsibility for functioning of society adults in forties and fifties carry responsibility for functioning of society “Passing the torch” becomes important focus on longer-term goals focus on longer-term goals prevents too rapid change prevents too rapid change ©Ron Chapple Studios/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Midlife Crisis? Research: wide individual differences Gender differences men – midlife men – midlife women – early adulthood women – early adulthood Sharp disruption uncommon Differences in handling regrets changes or not changes or not interpretation, acceptance interpretation, acceptance ©Eti Swinford/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Midlife: Stage or Life Events? Stage View Midlife changes are developmental transitions or crises. Life Events View Midlife changes are simply adaptations to normal life events. Many researchers suggest a combination of continuity and stagewise change.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Possible Selves What one hopes or fears becoming Become fewer, more modest & concrete with age May become more time-oriented with age compare to what you had planned compare to what you had planned permits reaffirmation permits reaffirmation May help with adjustment and self-esteem

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Self-Perceptions in Midlife More complex, integrated self-descriptions Increases in feelings of self-acceptance self-acceptance autonomy autonomy environmental mastery environmental mastery Linked to increased well-being, happiness well-being, happiness varies with culture varies with culture Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors in Midlife Psychological Well-Being Good health Exercise Sense of control Personal life investment Positive social relationships Good marriage Mastery of multiple roles ©Ron Chapple Studios/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and Daily Stressors Figure 16.3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Coping Improvements in Middle Adulthood Identifying positives Postponing action during evaluation Anticipation and planning Humor Integrating strengths and weaknesses Confidence, experience Emotional stability

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender Identity in Middle Adulthood Women: increase in “masculine” traits Men: increase in “feminine” traits Theories parental imperative parental imperative decline in sex hormones decline in sex hormones demands of midlife demands of midlife ©Yuri Arcurs/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Big Five Personality Traits NeuroticismExtroversionAgreeablenessConscientiousness Openness to experience ©Yuri Arcurs/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Changes in Big Five Personality Traits with Age Figure 16.4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Relationships at Midlife Many people have more close relationships than in any other period of life. children children “ launching” “ launching” parents parents friends friends ©Monkey Business Images/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Marriage in Middle Adulthood Economic well-being and time between parenting and retirement allow focus on marriage. Review and adjust marriage many strengthen relationship many strengthen relationship some divorce some divorce Strong marriage linked to psychological well-being Absolute Family

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Divorce in Midlife More likely among remarried remarried highly educated highly educated Midlifers adjust more easily than young adults. practical problem solving practical problem solving effective coping strategies effective coping strategies Feminization of poverty

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parenting in Middle Adulthood Launching – culminates “letting go” process decline in parental authority decline in parental authority continued contact, support to children continued contact, support to children adjusting to in-laws adjusting to in-laws kinkeeper role kinkeeper role Affected by investment in nonparental roles investment in nonparental roles children’s characteristics children’s characteristics “off time” children stress parents “off time” children stress parents cultural social clocks cultural social clocks

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Promoting Positive Ties with Adult Children Communicate positively. Communicate positively. Avoid leftover childhood comments. Avoid leftover childhood comments. Accept changes in cultural values, practices, and lifestyle. Accept changes in cultural values, practices, and lifestyle. Resist urge to “fix” problems. Resist urge to “fix” problems. Be clear about own needs. Be clear about own needs.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Grandparenthood Become grandparent generally occurs in early fifties can spend one-third of life can spend one-third of life Highly meaningful to most Grandparenting styles vary geography, age, gender, SES, ethnicity are factors geography, age, gender, SES, ethnicity are factors Trends in grandparenting extended family household extended family household raising grandchildren (skipped generation family) raising grandchildren (skipped generation family) coping with divorce of grandchildren’s parents coping with divorce of grandchildren’s parents

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Meanings of Grandparenthood Valued elder Immortality through descendents Reinvolvement with personal past Indulgence Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Influences on Frequency of Grandchildren’s Visits Figure 16.5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Middle-Aged Children and Their Aging Parents More likely than in past to have living parents Reassess relationships with parents Proximity increases with age move closer or move in together move closer or move in together Children provide more help to parents financial, household aid; caregiving financial, household aid; caregiving helping based on earlier relationships helping based on earlier relationships

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Caring for Aging Parents “Sandwich generation” Finances, location, gender, culture are factors Highly stressful average 20 hours per week average 20 hours per week often starts suddenly, duration uncertain often starts suddenly, duration uncertain work and costs increase work and costs increase hard to witness parent’s decline hard to witness parent’s decline support needed support needed

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Relieving Caregiving Stress Use effective coping strategies. Seek social support. Use community resources. Get workplace help. Work for helpful public policies. ©Absolut_photos/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Siblings in Middle Adulthood Contact and support decline during middle adulthood. demands of diverse roles demands of diverse roles Still, often feel closer baby-boom cohort more expressive baby-boom cohort more expressive share similar events share similar events Affected by earlier relations earlier relations culture culture Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Friendships in Middle Adulthood Gender trends continue men less expressive than women men less expressive than women Fewer friends; more selective More complex ideas of friendship rely on for pleasure more than support rely on for pleasure more than support Invest more time, effort in friends

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vocational Life Important component of satisfaction and self-esteem trend to increase meaning in jobs trend to increase meaning in jobs improved job performance, low absenteeism, high productivity improved job performance, low absenteeism, high productivity increased job satisfaction increased job satisfaction Negative stereotypes may hinder advancement.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Age-Related Change in Job Satisfaction Figure 16.6

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Burnout Result of long-term job stress overload overload common in helping professions common in helping professions Linked to mental exhaustion; attention, memory problems mental exhaustion; attention, memory problems loss of personal control, depression loss of personal control, depression physical illness physical illness reduced sense of accomplishment, poor performance, absenteeism, turnover reduced sense of accomplishment, poor performance, absenteeism, turnover Linked to mental exhaustion; attention, memory problems mental exhaustion; attention, memory problems loss of personal control, depression loss of personal control, depression physical illness physical illness reduced sense of accomplishment, poor performance, absenteeism, turnover reduced sense of accomplishment, poor performance, absenteeism, turnover

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Career Development in Middle Adulthood Limits to advancement training training glass ceiling glass ceiling Midlife career changes few, not usually drastic few, not usually drastic often for more relaxing career often for more relaxing careerUnemployment middle age and older most affected by downsizing middle age and older most affected by downsizing more stressful than for young adults more stressful than for young adults Retirement planning Meetings and Presentations

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Influences on Interest in Job Training Personal desire to change desire to change growth vs. security needs growth vs. security needs co-workers, supervisor co-workers, supervisor stereotypes stereotypes self-efficacy self-efficacyJob challenging tasks challenging tasks co-workers, teams co-workers, teams Meetings and Presentations

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Glass Ceiling Figure 16.7

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Coping with Midlife Unemployment Problem-centered coping Social support from those who recognize abilities, share interests and values from those who recognize abilities, share interests and values Counseling financial planning financial planning coping with stigma coping with stigma developing flexibility developing flexibilityCounseling financial planning financial planning coping with stigma coping with stigma developing flexibility developing flexibility Meetings and Presentations

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ingredients in Effective Retirement Planning FinancesFitness Role adjustment Where to live Leisure activities Volunteer activities Health insurance Legal affairs