{ Unit 2: Physical Development Throughout the Lifespan Areas of Focus: The human body and how it changes physically The human body and how it changes physically The human brain The human brain Factors that affect physical and brain development (both positively and negatively) Factors that affect physical and brain development (both positively and negatively) Test Date: HHG4MI-01: Monday December 15 th HHG4MI-02: Tuesday December 16 th

 Continuous vs Discontinuous Growth  Critical Periods vs Sensitive Periods  Nature vs Nurture  Stability vs Change

 Chronological age  Biological age  Mental age  Psychological age  Social age Conceptions of Age

 Emphasis on how brain, nervous system, muscles, sensory capabilities, needs for food/drink/sleep affect behaviour Definition of Physical Development

 Cephalocaudal Development  Proximodistal Development Development

 Length of prenatal period (days, weeks, months)  3 phases  Germinal (Weeks 1 and 2)  What is happening during this period?  Embryonic (Weeks 2-8)  What does a human look like at the START of this period? At the END?  Cell layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm)  Fetal (Week 9 to birth)  What is primarily happening to the baby in the last 3 months of prenatal development?  Muscles, cartilage to bone, sex organs, body movements, details, weight is put on  When are the critical periods for prenatal development?  Why is this time a time when babies are most susceptible to factors that impede on development?  When are genetics/sex determined?  When is baby most susceptible to factors affecting development? Prenatal Development (PPT)

 What month is the baby susceptible to spina bifida?  Why does spina bifida occur? (nutrient that is deficient?), What happens to those with spina bifida?  What month are vital organs fully functional?  Around what month does the baby encounter their first movements?  When can a baby hear (month)?  When can the sex of the baby be seen on ultrasound (month)?  When does the skull fuse together?  When do spinal nerves stretch from the spinal cord?  When is brain fully developed? Prenatal Development (HO)

 At what week are nerve cells and synapses forming?  Myelin begins to form around spinal cord during which week?  Sensory development reaches its peak at which week?  At what week does the baby respond to touch and light?  With sound being more consistant at week ___, the network of nerves in the ears is complete!  When does a baby start dreaming (week)?  What do dreams tell us about the baby’s brain?  Are the baby’s brain and nervous system fully formed by the time a baby is born? Prenatal BRAIN Development (HO)

 Description  Causes  Preventable?  Cure? Treatment?  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome  Spina Bifida  Down Syndrome  Cleft Palate/Lip  Cerebral Palsy Prenatal Development: Birth Defects (research activity)

 Fine vs Gross Motor Skills  Cephalocaudal development during infancy  Infant Reflexes  Rooting  Sucking  Grasping  Moro  Palmer  Stepping  Sensation vs Perception  How does vision change in the first few weeks/months of life outside the womb?  Factors affecting development (+ and -) during infancy? Infancy and Toddlers (PPT)

 Major Concepts about Develompent  Continuous  Predictable  Different rates  Growth depends on previous growth  Growth is unique individually  Faster in early childhood than late childhood  Gross and Fine Motor Skills of children  How do children explore their surroundings?  Gender differences in growth (muscles vs fat)  Improved coordination, greater lung capacity  How do connections between neurons strengthen?  Purpose of Myelination and pruning  Factors affecting development Childhood Development (PPT)

 Period marked by rapid increase in height and weight  Females are often ___ years ahead of males  Asynchrony  Puberty  Hormonal changes (hormones triggered in males and females and result in terms of reproductive cycle)  Synaptic pruning  Neuron axon diameters and myelination increase which means what is happening?  What 3 parts of the brain are increasing?  Factors affecting development??  Which part of the brain causes teens to be impulsive and indecisive?  What is happening to the brain if someone has schizophrenia?  What kind of research is done by psychologists to try to detect early signs of schizophrenia? What are they looking for (motor development)?  Why do researchers say that if you have a low response to alcohol you are more likely to develop alcoholism?  Is alcoholism genetic?  How does recover for alcoholism work with respect to brain changes? Adolescence (HO/Movie Q’s)

 Are the number of physical developments high or low at this stage of the life span?  What does a lot of physical development depend on in adolescence? (Activities, genetics)  What is menopause and what does it signify? When does it occur?  Describe some of the physical developments that change from the beginning of adulthood to the end of adulthood  What are + and – brain changes that occur in adulthood?  What are 5 factors that affect development (at least 2 positive, and negative) Explain HOW they do so. Adulthood Development

 At what age are you considered to be in this life stage?  What are some physical developments/changes that are occurring during this stage of life? (taste, smell, sight, hearing, feeling, visible appearance, sexual function, height, bone density, metabolism)  What is happening to brain development during this life stage? (parietal cortex and temporal cortex work harder – why?, why is there less communication between neurons (shrink and dendritic loss)  Factors affecting development (+ and -)  (retirement, social interactions, exercise, diet, stress, depression, medical care, dental care, weather, sleep – heart attacks, vision loss, hearing loss etc…) Old Age and Development

 What determines the sex of a child?  What are the outward signs of internal aging?  What are 3 aspects of yourself that have changed over the last 10 years and 3 that have remained the same  If someone had researched your personal development over time, where would they have noticed the MOST change? LEAST change?  ***Examples from jeopardy game!!** Short Answer Examples

 When it comes to physical development, how important is chronological age?  Is there a clear timetable for development? Explain using specific examples.  Overall, would you say that physical and brain development is continuous or discontinuous? Explain using specific examples.  If you were planning to become a child-care provider for infants in your home, what would you plan to do to provide them with physical activity? Explain using specific examples and how those activities would promote healthy physical development.  For the quote “one foot in childhood and one foot in adulthood”, do you agree or disagree with what the author has said? Explain using specific examples to support your argument.   Why do many young people choose adolescence as the time to begin experimenting with smoking, drinking, drugs, sex and other risky behaviours? Short Answer