Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original L&K academy problem 1 Kat’s case history 1Diagnosis Use the lung disease data to decide what is wrong. 2Symptoms Describe how the disease could produce Kat’s symptoms. 3Advice to patient If lung function tests confirm your diagnosis, you will need to advise Kat how to manage the disease. Suggest how she could modify her lifestyle to reduce her breathlessness, and what she could do to get more oxygen into her blood. Make sure you explain in detail why each of your suggestions would work. Lung disease data Age: 30 Occupation: Singer Hobbies: Dancing Symptoms Admitted to hospital 12 June after fainting at home. Has experienced mild breathlessness over the last year. Describes increasing difficulty with breathing out. Has a cough. Medical notes Heavy smoker (cigarettes and cannabis). normal alveoli Emphysema Structure of airways and alveoli gradually destroyed. Lung tissue elasticity lost making it harder to push out air. windpipe Croup Inflammation of windpipe. Thick mucus produced. Rare in patients over 6 years old. Bronchitis Main airways infected. This makes the tubes narrower. Patients often feel unwell with a temperature, cough and cold- like symptoms. Patients usually feel better after 2–3 weeks. Air in Air out Air in alveoli in emphysema patient

Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original Teachers’ guide L&K academy problem 1 Goal The problem targets understanding part of the Big Idea: Cells.  Your respiratory and circulatory systems are specialised to deliver oxygen to cells.  Small molecules, like oxygen, diffuse into your blood quickly because your lungs have a large surface area and a good blood supply. APP links The problem could be used to assess achievement against criteria in the ‘explanations’ strand of AF1. Mission If you are using the APPREND Mission Booklets, the student outcomes will allow you to give feedback on the ‘What if?’ and ‘Solve it’ sections of the L5H–7 mission: ‘Master cells’. Marking guide APP L5 Uses abstract ideas or models or more than one step when describing processes or phenomena, e.g. emphysema is causing Kat’s symptoms her alveoli are being destroyed so she feels breathless. APP L6 Uses abstract ideas or models or multiple factors when explaining processes or phenomena, e.g. emphysema is causing Kat’s symptoms her alveoli are destroyed so she has a reduced surface area for gas exchange or it is harder to push stale air out of her lungs so less fresh air enters so she struggles to top up her red blood cells, or she feels breathless and offers straightforward advice like : she should stop smoking to prevent further damage or she could give up singing, dancing and other exercise to reduce her body’s energy needs, so she needs less oxygen for respiration. APP L7 Makes explicit connections between abstract ideas and/or models in explaining processes or phenomena, e.g. emphysema is causing Kat’s symptoms alveoli are made of thin cells surrounded by capillaries to allow fast diffusion but Kat’s are damaged so she has less surface area for gas exchange or it is harder to push stale air out of her lungs so less fresh air enters and the airspaces in her lungs contain less oxygen the changes make diffusion slower, so she struggles to keep her red cells topped up, or deliver oxygen to cells for respiration and advice that would help Kat cope, for example: use an oxygen mask to increase the amount of oxygen in the alveoli, which will give faster diffusion so more oxygen can be delivered to her cells or use medication to open her airways or exercise her breathing muscles to strengthen them so that more air passes in and out of her lungs, which will give faster diffusion or, use medication or a blood transfusion to increase her red cell count so that oxygen is picked up from her lungs faster.

Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original L&K academy problem 2 Matt’s case history 1Diagnosis What do the images show? 2Symptoms How could the damage produce his symptoms? 3Advice to patient Matt needs to increase his body mass and energy levels. Advise him how that could be done. Explain in detail why your suggestions would work. Extension Matt’s problem began when he joined the Academy. He started eating more foods containing gluten, but didn’t realise he was allergic to it. Find out what sorts of food he should avoid in future to ensure his small intestine recovers. Matt’s doctor asked him to swallow a ‘pill cam’. This took a series of photos as it moved through his intestines. The inside of Matt’s small intestine is not as it should be. Matt’s doctor used these diagrams to explain what was wrong. But he went too fast, and Matt couldn’t take it in. It’s your job to make sure he understands what’s wrong. Make some notes to cover everything you need to tell him. images courtesy of Coeliac UK. Matt’s small intestine Damage Normal small intestine Matt is a promising 400m runner, but since he joined the Academy his body mass has plummeted and he is constantly tired.

Activity from the Live & Kicking unit © upd8 wikid, built by cracking science 2009 This page may have been changed from the original Teachers’ guide L&K academy problem 2 Goal The problem targets understanding part of the Big Idea: Cells.  Your digestive and circulatory systems are specialised to deliver nutrients to cells.  Small molecules, like glucose, diffuse into your blood quickly because your small intestine has a large surface area and a good blood supply. APP links The problem could be used to assess achievement against criteria in the ‘explanations’ strand of AF1. Mission If you are using the APPREND Mission Booklets, the student outcomes will allow you to give feedback on the ‘What if?’ and ‘Solve it’ sections of the L5H–7 mission: ‘Master cells’. Marking guide APP L5 Uses abstract ideas or models or more than one step when describing processes or phenomena, e.g. lack of villi is causing Matt’s symptoms he can’t take in nutrients fast enough. APP L6 Uses abstract ideas or models or multiple factors when explaining processes or phenomena, e.g. lack of villi is causing Matt’s symptoms his villi are destroyed so he has a reduced surface area for nutrient uptake and can’t absorb all the nutrients from his food and offers straightforward advice like : feed ready digested food straight into his bloodstream or get him to keep warm and rest so he can manage with fewer nutrients. APP L7 Makes explicit connections between abstract ideas and/or models in explaining processes or phenomena, e.g. lack of villi is causing Matt’s symptoms the small intestine wall is normally folded into villi, which are filled with capillaries, and the cells that cover the villi are covered with microvilli nutrients should diffuse into blood rapidly across this large surface area the changes in Matt’s intestine make diffusion slower, so he can’t get the nutrients he needs for growth and repair or to release energy by respiration and advice that would help Matt increase his body mass: feed ready digested food straight into his bloodstream like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins and minerals or get him to keep warm and rest so he doesn’t need to release so much energy from respiration and can manage with fewer nutrients.