TEXIAN Used in place of the word Texan throughout the period of the Texas Revolution and the Texas Republic; immigrants from the United States and countries other than Mexico who became residents in the Tejas and Coahuila areas of Mexico that later became Texas William B. Travis James Bowie David Crockett George Childress Sidney Sherman

TEXIAN William B. Travis – military leader at the Alamo, wrote famous letter Victory or Death letter to persuade people to come and help at the Alamo, died at the Alamo. James Bowie – military leader at the Alamo until he fell sick, died at the Alamo. David Crockett – fought at the Alamo. George Childress – Chair of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence. Sidney Sherman – fought and led a regiment at the Battle of San Jacinto, given credit for the battle cry “Remember the Alamo!”

TEJANO A native born Mexican from the state of Coahuila y Tejas; Spanish for “Texan”; a term used to identify a Texan of Mexican and/or Latin-American descent Juan N. Seguin Placido Benavides Jose Francisco Ruiz Juan Antonio Padilli Carlos Espalier

TEJANO Juan N. Seguin -Was a messenger at the Alamo - The Alamo fell before he returned, Fought at the Battle of San Jacinto Placido Benavides - Trained Texas soldiers after the Battle of Gonzales, Captured Goliad, Delivered messages to Morris and Fannin, Loyal to Mexico not Santa Anna, Because of his loyalty to Mexico, was forced to flee after the Battle of San Jacinto to New Orleans Jose Francisco Ruiz - Supported Texas during the Revolution, Delegate at the Convention of 1836 and signed the Declaration of Independence Juan Antonio Padilli - Part of George M. Collinsworth's company and participated in the capture of Victoria Carlos Espalier - A protégé of James Bowie, Died at the Alamo

MEXICANS Antonio López de Santa Anna – Military leader of the Mexican army and dictator of Mexico, Surrendered to Texas forces. Vicente Filisola – Second in command of the Mexican army, since Santa Anna had been arrested, it was up to Filisola to withdraw Mexican forces from Texas, He evacuated San Antonio and agreed to the public Treaty of Velasco

NON-COMBATANTS Susanna Dickinson – Santa Anna sent her to Gonzalez to tell Sam Houston what had happened at the Alamo, Santa Anna spared all women and children. Enrique Esparza – Son of Gregoria Esparza who witnessed the events at the Alamo.

IMPORTANT HISTORICAL FIGURES WHO MODELED ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS Sam Houston – military leader during the Texas Revolution Lorenzo de Zavala – helped write the Texas Declaration of Independence, helped design the ad interim government at Washington-on-the- Brazos

STATE CELEBRATIONS Texas Independence Day March 2, 1836 – Texas declared independence from Mexico at Washington-on-the-Brazos

LEADERS IMPORTANT TO THE FOUNDING OF TEXAS AS A REPUBLIC AND STATE José Antonio Navarro - Navarro supported Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar, Led the Santa Fe Expedition to New Mexico, Supported statehood and was the only Hispanic at the Convention of 1845, Served two terms as a state legislator Sam Houston - First and third president of the Republic of Texas, Supported statehood, Tried to decrease debt, Reinstated the Texas Rangers Mirabeau Lamar - Second president of the Republic of Texas, Did not support statehood, Increased the debt of the Republic of Texas by conflicts with the Native Americans and Mexico, Known as the Father of Texas Education because he set land aside for public schools Anson Jones- Last president of the Republic of Texas, In charge of the handing over of Texas to the United States.

SUCCESSES, PROBLEMS, AND ORGANIZATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS Including, but not limited to: -Establishment of a constitution: Similar to the US Constitution, Three Branches of government, Representative government -Economic struggles: Sam Houston did away with the army and other issues that increased the debt of Texas but debt was always an issue for Texas until statehood, Houston issued money but it increased inflation – Redbacks, Mirabeau Lamar doubled the debt because he authorized the acquisition of the Texas Navy and the cost of fighting the Native Americans and Mexico -Relations with American Indians: Sam Houston signed treaties with the Cherokees, Mirabeau Lamar wanted to remove the Indians from Texas. He forced the Cherokees to Oklahoma and was in a constant war with Comanche until after the Civil War, Council House Fight – Indians had been killing settlers and capturing their children. They agreed to peace talks but settlers thought they were going to return captives. When Indians were prevented from leaving for not turning over the captives, a fights broke out that resulted in both Indians and townspeople being killed. -Texas Rangers: Texas Rangers were reinstated by Houston after he dismissed the army. Texas Rangers were used when needed. They mainly fought against the Indians and during the Mexican War.

EVENTS THAT LED TO THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS TO THE UNITED STATES US President James K. Polk supported Texas becoming a part of the US because of the American idea of manifest destiny – belief that the US should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific There was concern at adding another slave state to the U.S. Texas Congress voted to accept the offer of statehood Texans became a state on December 29, 1845 This caused the Mexican War because Texas and the United States said that the boundary of Texas was the Rio Grande and Mexico said it was the Nueces River

GAIL BORDEN Gail Borden – (1801–1874) publisher, surveyor, inventor, and founder of the Borden Company. He was a delegate at the Convention of 1833 where he assisted in writing early drafts of a Texas constitution. Published the Telegraph and Texas Register newspaper; printing the first edition a few days after the Texas Revolution began. Mexican soldiers raided the newspaper and threw the press into Buffalo Bayou just before the Texas Revolution ended. He later became the first collector of the port of Galveston under the Republic of Texas and helped lay out the plan for the city of Houston. After his wife died of yellow fever, Borden began experimenting to find a cure for the disease using refrigeration, but was unsuccessful. Later he focused on a condensed beef-broth and flour mixture, the beef biscuit, which did not succeed. While working on the beef biscuit, he devised a process for condensing milk through a vacuum process. This long-lasting condensed milk was a success and the beginning of canned and processed foods.

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT Executive – executes laws; led by governor Legislative – make (legislate) laws; led by House of Representatives and Senate Judicial – interprets laws led by Supreme Court