1 Pertemuan 07 Teknik Modulasi Matakuliah: H0174/Jaringan Komputer Tahun: 2006 Versi: 1/0

2 Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu: Menjelaskan teknik modulasi

3 Outline Materi Teknik Modulasi Modulasi analog Modulasi digital

4 Encoding Techniques Analog data, carrier analog signal Digital data, carrier analog signal Analog Modulation Analog data, carrier digital signal Digital Modulation Digital data, carrier digital signal Encoding

5 Analog Data, Analog Signals Why modulate analog signals? –Higher frequency can give more efficient transmission –Permits frequency division multiplexing Types of modulation –Amplitude –Frequency –Phase

6 Analog Modulation

7 MODULASI TUJUAN: MENGUBAH SINYAL DARI KOMPUTER YANG DIGITAL MENJADI SINYAL ANALOG YANG DIPERLUKAN OLEH SALURAN KOMUNIKASI MEMPERPANJANG JARAK JANGKAU SINYAL INFORMASI MODEM MERUPAKAN HARDWARE UNTUK KEDUA PROSES INI LST/FASKD/CINQ

8 Type Modulasi Digital /Analog

9 Modulation Techniques

10 Frequency Shift Keying Most common form is binary FSK (BFSK) Two binary values represented by two different frequencies (near carrier) Less susceptible to error than ASK Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines High frequency radio Even higher frequency on LANs using co-ax

11 Phase Shift Keying Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data Binary PSK –Two phases represent two binary digits Differential PSK –Phase shifted relative to previous transmission rather than some reference signal

12 PSK Constellation

13 Quadrature PSK More efficient use by each signal element representing more than one bit –e.g. shifts of  /2 (90 o ) –Each element represents two bits –Can use 8 phase angles and have more than one amplitude –9600bps modem use 12 angles, four of which have two amplitudes

14 4-PSK Constellation

15 4-QAM and 8-QAM

16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM used on asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) and some wireless Combination of ASK and PSK Logical extension of QPSK Send two different signals simultaneously on same carrier frequency –Use two copies of carrier, one shifted 90 ° –Each carrier is ASK modulated –Two independent signals over same medium –Demodulate and combine for original binary output

17 BIT dan BAUD

18 ModulationUnitsBits/Baud Baud rate Bit Rate ASK, FSK, 2-PSK Bit1NN 4-PSK, 4-QAM Dibit2N2N 8-PSK, 8-QAM Tribit3N3N 16-QAMQuadbit4N4N 32-QAMPentabit5N5N 64-QAMHexabit6N6N 128-QAMSeptabit7N7N 256-QAMOctabit8N8N Perbandingan Bit dan Baud rate

19 Pertemuan 08 Teknik Encoding Matakuliah: H0174/Jaringan Komputer Tahun: 2006 Versi: 1/0

20 Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Menjelaskan teknik encoding

21 Outline Materi Polar Bipolar Unipolar

22 Digital to Digital Encoding

23 Terminologi Unipolar –All signal elements have same sign Polar –One logic state represented by positive voltage the other by negative voltage Data rate –Rate of data transmission in bits per second Duration or length of a bit –Time taken for transmitter to emit the bit

24 Terminologi Modulation rate –Rate at which the signal level changes –Measured in baud = signal elements per second Mark and Space –Binary 1 and Binary 0 respectively

25 Digital to Digital Encoding

26 Polar Encoding

27 Bipolar Encoding

28 Modulation Rate

29 Unipolar Encoding - NRZL

30 Nonreturn to Zero Inverted Polar, Non Return To Zero Inverted Non return to zero, inverted on ones Constant voltage pulse for duration of bit Data encoded as presence or absence of signal transition at beginning of bit time Transition (low to high or high to low) denotes a binary 1 No transition denotes binary 0 An example of differential encoding

31 NRZ-L and NRZ-I

32 RZ Encoding

33 Biphase Manchester –Transition in middle of each bit period –Transition serves as clock and data –Low to high represents one –High to low represents zero –Used by IEEE Differential Manchester –Mid bit transition is clocking only –Transition at start of a bit period represents zero –No transition at start of a bit period represents one –Used by IEEE 802.5

34 Manchester and Diff. Manchester

35 Multilevel Binary Use more than two levels Bipolar-AMI –zero represented by no line signal –one represented by positive or negative pulse –one pulses alternate in polarity –No loss of sync if a long string of ones (zeros still a problem) –No net dc component –Lower bandwidth –Easy error detection

36 Bipolar AMI Encoding

37 Perbandingan skema enkoding Error detection –Can be built in to signal encoding Signal interference and noise immunity –Some codes are better than others Cost and complexity –Higher signal rate (& thus data rate) lead to higher costs –Some codes require signal rate greater than data rate