Warm Up: Wednesday Week 7 From the video yesterday: What was the atlatl (tool used by prehistoric hunters) primarily used for? A) To Skin the animals B) To Propel the Spear Write Question and Answer in Warm Up!!!!!

Much of what is known about the early people of Texas comes from the work Archeologists. They have found evidence of early cultures through artifacts. At the time the first Europeans in Texas, there were four separate culture groups. Anthropologists have named these: Southeastern Pueblo Gulf Plains

A. Caddoes 1. East Texas – Piney Woods 2. Farmed corn, squash, beans, potatoes 3. Most advanced tribe in Texas 4. State name comes from Caddo (Hasinai) word for friend 5. Appearance a. Elongated heads b. Tattooed entire body c. Men wore Mohawk d. Shells, bones, feathers wore in ears, nose, hair, and as jewelry 6. Hunted and fished a. Invented trotline b. Gathered fruits, berries and nuts 7. Dome shaped houses 8. Women had most power, some confederacies matrilineal 9. Warfare for revenge, not focus of their lives

B. Witchitas 1. Lived along Red River in North Central Texas 2. Farmed in spring and summer 3. Buffalo hunts in winter 4. Racoon-eyed people” because of tatoos 5. Large grass homes, similar to Caddo 6. Lived in Teepees during winter

1. Lived in marshy area between Galveston Bay and Sabine River 2. Depended on hunting and gathering deer, bear, fish, and wild plants 3. Used alligator grease to repel mosquitoes 4. Homes were brush huts

1. Forced off homelands by U.S. Indian Removal Act 2. Settled in 1820 in woodlands of Nacogdoches 3. Driven out in 1839 by President Lamar to rid Texas of all Indians E. Alabama-Coushattas 1. Migrated to Texas between 1785 and Settled in East Texas along Trinity River 3. Reservation near Livingston in 1854

A. Jumanos 1. Farmed along upper Rio Grande Valley 2. Lived in one story adobe buildings with flat roofs (entrance on roof) 3. Hunted and gathered prickly pear, mesquite beans, etc. 4. Abandoned settlements and disappeared 5. Least known of all Texas Indians 6. Middlemen to eastern farming tribes

**Known for their beautiful pottery

A. Coahiltecans 1. Lived in dry brush country of South Texas Plains 2. Least advanced of all Texas Indians 3. Primitive hunters and gatherers 4. Rabbit stick – weapon used for digging, chopping, throwing 5. Ate spiders, ant eggs, worms, lizards, snakes, earth, rotten wood, deer dung, prickly pear 6. Shot fish with bow and arrow 7. Lived in low, circular hut 8. Little clothing – breechclout, sandals and skin cloak 9. Shaman very important

1. Live along Gulf Coast between Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi 2. Tall, well-built people 3. Worn cane piercings in body 4. War paint – ½ black and ½ red 5. Alligator grease for mosquitoes 6. Dug-out canoes 7. Most food came from sea 8. Chief weapon long bow and arrows 9. Practiced cannibalism

Warm-Ups: On page 35 in your spiral, create the following chart and complete by writing the tribes under each culture – not all squares will be filled Southeastern GulfPuebloanPlains

A. Tonkawas 1. Lived on southeastern edge of Edwards Plateau and along rivers in east 2. Had depended on buffalo, but pushed off lands by Apache and Comanche 3. Ate rabbits, deer, turtles, snakes (favorite), rats and skunk 4. Poisened arrow tips with mistletoe berry juice 5. Flattened babies heads (cosmetic) 6. Practiced Cannibalism

1. Two groups - Mescaleros and Lipans 2. Mescaleros live in West Texas 3. Lipans lived in Hill Country 4. Hated Comanche 5. Lived in small gardening villages during spring and summer 6. Nomadic rest of year 7. Men wore hair on top of left ear and to the ground on right

1. Lived from early 1700s on High Plains of West Texas (Comancheria) 2. Life centered around hunting and war 3. Nomadic buffalo hunters 4. Expert horseman

1. Lived mainly in northeast corner of Panhandle 2. Only allies with Comanches 3. Lived in tepees with beautiful paintings 4. Made pemmican – Indian “trail mix” made of buffalo jerky, dried berries, nuts and animal fat 5. Travois – platform dragged behind horse to carry belongings 6. Parfleche – “suitcase” made out of stiff leather