Joints Hip region Knee region Ankle region

sacroiliac joints hip joint pubic symphysis Hip region

hip joint Hip region

Knee joint Menisci Medial meniscus lateral meniscus Ligaments Cruciate ligaments Collateral ligaments Patellar ligament oblique popliteal ligament Joint capsule Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Knee region

Minisci : fibrocartilaginous ‘shock absorbers’ Knee region

semilunar cartilages

Attachments Knee region

1. The medial meniscus is more injured than the lateral meniscus, why? Knee region

Ligaments 1.anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2.posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 3.medial collateral ligament (MCL, tibial collateral ligament) 4.lateral collateral ligament (LCL, fibular collateral ligament) 5.oblique popliteal ligament 6.ligamentum patellae Knee region

ACL: Anteromedial part of the intercondylar area of tibia to inner aspect of lateral condyle of femur. PCL: Posterolateral part of the intercondylar area of the tibia to inner aspect of medial condyle of femur. Cruciate ligaments Knee region

Anterior Cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement of the tibia in relation to femur in flexion. Knee region

Posterior Cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia in relation to femur in extension. Knee region

How to test ACL and PCL?Drawer sign test Knee region

15 Anterior Drawer Test for ACL Physician Position & Movements Patient Position Note direction of forces Knee region

16 Posterior Drawer Testing- PCL Note direction of forces Knee region

Collateral ligaments Knee region

MCL attaches to the medial meniscus 2. The medial meniscus is more injured than the lateral meniscus, why? Knee region

Collateral ligaments action 1.Protect the knee joint from bending side to side. 2.Helps the locking mechanism Knee region

3. The medial meniscus is more injured than the lateral meniscus, why? Knee region

Locking mechanism: less energy to maintain the standing position 1.Medial rotation of femur on the tibia during full extension tighten colateral ligaments. Knee region

Locking mechanism (2) Joint surfaces become larger and more stable in extension. Knee region

Locking mechanism (3) body's center of gravity is positioned along a vertical line that passes anterior to the knee joint. Knee region

Collateral ligaments test Knee region

26 Test for MCL Note Direction Of Forces Knee region

27 Test for LCL Note direction of forces Knee region

Patellar ligament Strengthening Anterior Aspect of Knee Joint Knee region

oblique popliteal ligament Knee region

Review (1) patellar ligament (2) tibial (medial) collateral ligament (3) fibular (lateral ) collateral ligament (4) medial meniscus (5) lateral meniscus (6) anterior cruciate ligament (7) posterior cruciate ligament Knee region

Joint fibrous capsule Knee region

Joint synovial membrane Knee region

Bursa little fluid sacs that helps the muscles and tendons slide freely: Prepatellar Infrapatellar Suprapatellar Knee region

Bursa Knee region

Prepatellar Bursitis Knee region

Ankle region Ankle joint (talocrural joint) Subtalar joint (ST J.) Talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN J.)

The ankle, or talocrural joint Needs ligaments!

Lateral ligament s of talocrural joint

Medial ligament s of talocrural joint

The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a hinge joint Plantar Flexion Dorsi Flexion Inversion/Eversion?

Intertarsal joint: Subtalar joint (ST J.) Talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN J.) Calcaneocuboid (small rotation) Naviculoconeiforms (almost no movement)

Calcaneous bone

Subtalar joint

Lateral

Medial

sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) fracture

Subtalar joint

TCN joint

Talocalcaneonavicular joint

Calcaneonavicular L.

Other ligaments Calcaneofibular Deltoid Talocalcaneal

Calcaneofibular

Talar tilt test to evaluate the calcaneofibular ligament.

Deltoid

eversion injuries : Pott's fracture

inversion injuries: ankle sprain

Inteosseeous talocalcaneal ligament separates the ST J. from TCN J.