3D Cities Modeling the Real World to Solve Real World Problems

Agenda Modeling the Real World, the Geospatial Paradigm Why is 3D Important? Case Studies −City of Helsinki, Finland −City of Copenhagen, Denmark Summary Questions & Answers (Q&A) “Geospatial technologies enable businesses, governments, and utilities to effectively plan, design, and maintain public works and networked infrastructure such as electric, gas, and water systems, communication networks, roads, railways, and bridges; and built assets of many other types.” Daratech 2005

The Geospatial Paradigm Modeling the real world … −Map moves from symbolic representation to geodetic geometry −Geometry become 3-D context for infrastructure −Accuracy and precision become paramount −AEC assets of all types populate and extend this geometry

Why is 3D important? Increasing demand for high quality information and communication “products” Brilliant for project visualizations, analysis etc. Efficient for internal use in town planning and public administration Intelligible and suitable for public involvement in the urban development debate Detailed and realistic models can now be produced at reasonable prices Many possibilities for improvement of the 3D data

3D Landslide GIS Japan Conservation Engineers

Land Development in South Korea Korea Land Corporation

3D Topographic Mapping City of Toronto

Integrated Network Skeletonization

City of Mississauga

3D Virtual Model of St. Nazaire City and Harbour Ville De Saint-Nazaire, France

Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd 3D Digital Spatial Data Production

Urban Planning Office Bydgoszcz Study of Bydgoszcz City Center

Geospatial 3D Case Studies City of Helsinki, Finland City of Copenhagen, Denmark

City of Helsinki, Finland

City of Helsinki Strategy Common map and GIS databases GIS /3D maps maintenance is inside the municipal administrative and service processes: −Continuous updating of GIS / 3D databases −Using GIS / 3D databases and tools in other services The databases are kept up to date immediately Common SW platforms, cooperative development, GIS coordination

City of Helsinki 3D Goals Transforming 1:500 basemap to a 3D basemap (city model) Data capture, processing and delivery of 3D basemap and advanced 3D data for project use Use of 3D basemap in adminstrative and service processes of the city Multiple use of 3D data in different organizations 2D to 3D migration in many other Geospatial Information Systems −Combined Utility Map 1:500 −Underground Space System −City Plan System −Others

2D to 3D Process Descriptive rules for 3D map, the structure of the map database, new 3D objects and features Working orders for all steps of the map update process Conversion of the current 2D map data base (file format and e.g. contour lines are already in 3D, as well as all updates since year 2000) Continuous updating of the new 3D map data base Preserving old users and their work habits, especially legal map products New users, new 3D products

Three scales of 3D city models Rough 3D city model Exact 3D city model  new basemap 1:500 Exact 3D city model with textures −Level of Details (LoD)

Rough 3D city model −Using the building cadastre information for building heights (number of floors) −City coverage reached in summer 2002 −Error corrections −Updating methodology project continues

Exact 3D city model −3D Buildings −3D streets (breaklines) −DEM structuring, basemap heights extracting −Map features with definitive characteristic for heights −Map features to be “dropped” on DEM −Quality “stamp” in every map object

Exact 3D city model with textures Adding facade photos to buildings Adding trees, vegetation and street furniture Projects according to demand

Using the 3D city model City planning Street planning Civil engineering calculations in areal development projects Soil surveys Building permit process Noise modeling and investigations Surface water flow modeling Traffic simulation Heat leakage investigations Defense (military) applications

City Planning

Street Planning

Civil Engineering

BlomInfo A/S City Of Copenhagen

3D City model – what is it? Basically two methods: −Constructed Solid Geometry (3D objects) −Boundary representation (Wire model + shapes) The Copenhagen 3D City model is a wire model; an advanced DTM (Digital Terrain Model): −Detailed 3D description of a built-up area including buildings, the terrain and essential trees / growth of trees −Produced at (relatively) low costs and cheap to update −Further improvements are possible (Attaching of digital photos, database information etc.) −Multi functional model (many application areas)

Production method Photogrammetry is the only economical realistic method, which gives a high quality model with many applications Integration with existing maps Updating of the model together with updating of the existing maps

The wire model Construction of roofs and calculation of vertical lines connecting the roof to the building bottom / “foot print”

The shape model Calculation of shapes – the roofs and the facades

The “real” world - a myriads of details!

Technical specifications Accuracy of buildings better than 10 cm / 15 cm (Plan and height) Accuracy of DTM better than 50 cm Details in building outlines includes 30 cm in the plan and 45 cm in the height Details bigger than 3 meters in the roofs are included (Dormers, chimneys etc.) Bends in the roof bigger than 45 cm All supplementary new buildings and extensions Trees higher than 4 meters and essential growth of trees

Resulting product – The grid model

Resulting product – The shape model

The Copenhagen 3D City model More than buildings photogrammetrically produced (Production environment MicroStation) The 3D city model consist of approximately vectors and approximately shapes have been generated More than trees and essential group of trees registered Financed by the City of Copenhagen and the selling of user rights to companies in the Telecom Sector Yearly updates of the City model in parallel to the maintenance of the City’s base maps

3D City model extensions Draping of digital orthophotos on roofs and terrain Inserting of projects Adding textures or mounting of digital photos on the facades

Visualizations Data are delivered in various file formats including DGN and DWG/DXF, 3DS max Video clips, Internet publishing, and PDF for distribution of information

Internet publishing

Perspectives for public debate

Generating shadow diagrams

City of Copenhagen Conclusions Increased focus on 3D city models Detailed, “realistic” models are in great demand Multifunctional use of the city models Suitable for supporting the urban development debate The photogrammetric 3D city model is easy to maintain, can be further detailed, etc.

Benefits and Summary Increasing demand for high quality information and communication “products” Brilliant for project visualizations, analysis etc. Efficient for internal use in town planning and public administration Intelligible and suitable for public involvement in the urban development debate Detailed and realistic models can now be produced at reasonable prices Many possibilities for improvement of the 3D data

More Information? City of Helsinki User Story City of Copenhagen User Story Landslide GIS User Story And more, at

Questions & Answers

3D Cities Modeling the Real World to Solve Real World Problems