I.M. Doctor M.D. Office City, State COMMON WINTER INJURIES (AND HOW TO PREVENT THEM) I.M. Doctor, M.D. My Office My City, State

The information in this presentation was provided to the presenter by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and may be modified. Endorsement of this presentation by the AAOS is not implied or inferred. Thank you to A. Herbert Alexander, MD for his significant contributions to the content of this presentation.

Winter Sports Injuries  Orthopaedic surgeons  Specific injuries  What they are  How they occur  How to avoid them  General precautions  Safety gear  Conditioning  Instruction

What is an orthopaedic surgeon?  MD who specializes in treatment and health maintenance of musculoskeletal system (bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, cartilage and spine)

What is an orthopaedic surgeon?  The expert in treating the musculoskeletal system  The expert in maintaining musculoskeletal health

Educating an Orthopaedic Surgeon  College  Medical School  Internship  Orthopaedic Residency  Fellowship (optional)  2 Years Practice TOTAL (1) 2 16 years!

What do orthopaedic surgeons do?  Diagnose  Treat  Medication  Physical Therapy  Exercise  Brace  Surgery  Prevent

Winter Injuries by Sport

Snow Skiing  More than 131,000 injuries in 2007  Cost U.S. more than $4 billion

Snowboarding  149,000 injuries in 2007

Ice Hockey and Ice Skating  47,600 ice hockey injuries in 2007 z58,400 ice skating injuries in 2007

Sledding  More than 106,900 injuries in 2007  Majority of injuries happen to children aged 14 and under

Winter Injuries by Type of Injury

Sports Injuries  Common Winter Sport-Related Injuries  Head injuries  Shoulder dislocation or fracture  Elbow injuries  Hand or finger injuries  Broken legs  Knee injuries  Ankle injuries

Head Injuries  10% of winter sport injuries are head injuries  Protect your head by wearing a helmet!

Shoulder Injuries  Glenoid  Humeral head Reproduced with permission from Bernstein J, Blazar PE, Campbell JT, et al: Anatomy, in Bernstein J (ed): Musculoskeletal Medicine. Rosemont, IL American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2003

Shoulder Injuries: Dislocation Normal Dislocated

Shoulder Injuries: Acromioclavicular Dislocation AC joint Illustration Reproduced with permission from Bernstein J, Blazar PE, Campbell JT, et al: Anatomy, in Bernstein J (ed): Musculoskeletal Medicine. Rosemont, IL American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,

Shoulder Injuries: Rotator Cuff Tear

Shoulder Injuries: Clavicle Fracture NormalFracture

Elbow Injuries: Dislocation

Elbow Injuries: Radial Head Fracture  Signs and Symptoms:  Pain on the outside of the elbow  Swelling in the elbow joint  Difficulty in bending or straightening the elbow accompanied by pain  Inability or difficulty in turning the forearm (palm up to palm down or vice versa)

Hand and Finger Injuries: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear  “Gamekeeper’s thumb”  Ski pole-related

Knee Injuries  Bruises  Sprains  PCL  MCL  LCL Illustration reproduced with permission from The Body Almanac, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2003

Knee Injuries: ACL Injury  Direct blow to knee  Non-contact injury, with foot plant  Landing on straight leg  Making abrupt stops  “Back seat” skiing

Knee Injuries: ACL Tear zInjury may require surgery zRehabilitation following surgery zReturn to sports when strength, balance, and coordination are normal

Knee Injuries: Meniscus Tear Normal meniscusTorn meniscus

Broken Legs: Tibial Fracture  Common in winter sports, particularly skiing  Can usually be treated without surgery

Ankle Injuries: Snowboarder’s ankle

 Common in winter sports, particularly skiing  Can usually be treated without surgery Treatment

When to See the Doctor  Inability to play  Decreased ability to play  Visible deformity  Severe pain

Treatment  R.I.C.E. – Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation  Modify athletic activity  Cooperation and communication between patient, parents, coaches, and physician

Tips for Preventing Winter Sports Injuries

Preventing Winter Sports Injuries  General sports conditioning  Warm up and stretch before engaging in activity  Safety gear and skilled instruction  Snow skiing  Snowboarding  Sledding

Preventing Sports Injuries  Jump box  Half squats

Preventing Sports Injuries  Balance board  Aerobic exercise

Preventing Sports Injuries Warming up and stretching are two separate steps!

Preventing Sports Injuries  Marching  Walk in place  Mimic the sport Warm up:

Preventing Sports Injuries  You should NOT feel pain  Hold stretch 30 seconds  Relax into the stretch Stretching:

Preventing Sports Injuries  Know and abide by rules  Using proper equipment  Receive expert instruction  Pay attention to fatigue

Preventing Sports Injuries  Wear appropriate protective gear  Know how to use equipment  Never “play through pain”

Preventing Sports Injuries: How to Fall

 Hands together, forward, over skis  Skis together  Weight forward  FALL, don’t fight it!

Preventing Injuries: Sledding zAdult supervision zSafe sled paths zHelmets

Designated areas only No public streets No sledding on plastic sheets Preventing Injuries: Sledding Do Don’t

Environmental Injuries  Injury due to cold  Dehydration  Sunburn

Environmental Injuries  Wear proper eye wear  Goggles  Sunglasses  UV protection  Visual clarity  Different lighting/different lenses

Rules to Play by  Understand the activity  Learn the skills properly  Use appropriate equipment  Wear protective gear  Warm up and stretch  See your physician if you’re injured

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 6300 N. River Road Rosemont, IL orthoinfo.org Resources

What are your questions and concerns? Winter Sports Injuries

 Remember, your orthopaedic surgeon can help get you back in the game Winter Sports Injuries