Evolution of Populations Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations

REMEMBER ! POPULATION A _______________ is a group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Genetic Variation Chapter 16-1 3

I. Variation & Gene Pools ______ ____- all genes (dominant and recessive alleles) that are present in a population. Gene Pool 4

Ex. What genes are present in ________ Sweden Japan Mexico 5

Because members of a population interbreed, they share a common group of genes called a ___________ A gene pool consists of ____________ present in a population, including all the different _________. Remember: alleles code for a gene which determines the phenotype. Genes will have 2 alleles, one given by each parent. The combination of the two alleles on the gene will determine the expressed physical characteristic or phenotype. GENE POOL ALL the genes alleles

II. Sources of Genetic Variation Mutations 1. ___________= changes or random errors in DNA (by chance) 2. _____ ______ Gene flow Migration 7

3. ______ ____= random change in allele frequency Genetic Drift affects small, isolated populations most Ex: Amish 8

Polydactilysm _____________ in the Amish Population 9

Natural selection is NOT the only source of evolutionary change. REMEMBER ! Genetics is controlled by _________________ PROBABILITY The smaller the population . . . the farther the ________results may be from the ___________ outcomes. actual predicted

In a small population random changes in allele frequency based on chance is called _________________ GENETIC DRIFT Genetic drift can occur when a _______ group of individuals colonizes a _____habitat. small new

Genetic Drift

4. __________ __________ Nonrandom mating mates selected based on how “fit” they are more fit = better chance of surviving offspring 13

5. Natural selection!

Types of Natural Selection Chapter 16-2

Natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes in 3 ways: ______________________ DIRECTIONAL selection STABILIZING selection DISRUPTIVE selection

1. _________ ________= favors average individuals in a population Stabilizing selection Ex: lizards – large captured easily & small cannot run fast enough

STABILIZING SELECTION CENTER Individuals in _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end Graph stays in same place but narrows as more organisms in middle are produced.

EXAMPLE OF STABILIZING SELECTION Human babies born with low birth weight are less likely to survive. Babies born too large have difficulty being born. Average size babies are selected for.

STABILIZING SELECTION Section 16-2 Stabilizing Selection Male birds with showier, brightly- colored plumage also attract predators, and are less likely to live long enough to find a mate. The most fit, then, is the male bird in the middle-- showy, but not too showy. Male birds use their plumage to attract mates. Male birds in the population with less brilliant and showy plumage are less likely to attract a mate, while male birds with showy plumage are more likely to attract a mate. Key Low mortality, high fitness High mortality, low fitness Selection against both extremes keep curve narrow and in same place. Percentage of Population Brightness of Feather Color

2. ________ ________= favors one of the extreme variations of a trait Directional selection Ex: Anteaters – long tongues are best to get food

DIRECTIONAL SELECTION KEY Low mortality, high fitness High mortality, low fitness Food becomes scarce. Individuals at _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in middle or at other end. Graph shifts as some individuals fail to survive at one end and succeed and reproduce at other ONE END

EXAMPLE OF DIRECTIONAL SELECTION Beak size varies in a population Birds with bigger beaks can feed more easily on harder, thicker shelled seeds. Suppose a food shortage causes small and medium size seeds to run low. Birds with bigger beaks would be selected for and increase in numbers in population.

3. ________ _______– favors both extreme variations of a trait Disruptive selection Ex: Limpets – white colored mimic white barnacles & dark colored camouflage on dark rocks no intermediate forms survive

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION Individuals at _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in middle. Can cause graph to split into two. Selection creates __________________PHENOTYPES EXTREMES TWO DISTINCT

EXAMPLE OF DISRUPTIVE SELECTION Suppose bird population lives in area where climate change causes medium size seeds become scarce while large and small seeds are still plentiful. Birds with bigger or smaller beaks would have greater fitness and the population may split into TWO GROUPS. One that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.

SPECIATION Chapter 16-3 27

I. Formation of Species SPECIES = organisms that ________& ______ to produce ________ _________. Similar gene pool look alike breed fertile offspring 29

b. _________ = forming a new species must have isolation Speciation b. _________ = forming a new species must have isolation Ex: Galapagos finches isolated from mainland 30

What events lead to the formation of new species? Reproductive Isolation (1) ________ _________: When two members cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring Each species is now their own separate group 31

Ex: Birds using different songs to attract mates Isolation Mechanisms (2) _________ ________= differ in courtship rituals or don’t respond to mating signals Behavioral isolation Ex: Birds using different songs to attract mates 32

(3) _________ _________= population separated by physical barriers Geographic isolation Ex: island formation, river/canyon 33

(4) ________ _______= species reproduce at different times of the year Temporal isolation Ex: orchids pollinate on different days 34

EVOLUTION OF POPULATION Evolution as Genetic Change 16–2

GAPS IN DARWIN’S THINKING: How do heritable traits pass from one generation to the next? How does variation in the population appear?

When Darwin developed his theory of evolution, he didn’t know how ____________ worked. Mendel’s work on ______________ was published during Darwin’s lifetime, but ________________ as important until __________________. HEREDITY inheritance in peas NOT recognized decades later

____________ and ________ TODAY we can understand how evolution works better than Darwin ever could because of our knowledge about ____________ and ________ genes DNA

EVOLUTION IN GENETIC TERMS __________________ is any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population If the relative frequency of the B allele in this mouse population changed over time to 30%, the population is evolving. EVOLUTION

____________________ on NATURAL SELECTION ____________________ on single-gene frequencies can lead to changes in ____________________ and thus to EVOLUTON ALLELE FREQUENCIES EX: A population of normally brown lizards. Mutations produce new color choices. If red lizards are more visible to predators, they might be less likely to survive.

can be less common even if it is DOMINANT! In real populations, phenotypic ratios are determined not only by which allele is _____________, but by _______________ of the allele in the population DOMINANT FREQUENCY Presence of widow’s peak in population can be less common even if it is DOMINANT!

The ____________________ is the number of times that an allele occurs in the gene pool compared to the occurrence of other alleles in the gene pool. relative frequency Sample Population 48% heterozygous black 36% homozygous brown 16% homozygous black Frequency of Alleles allele for brown fur allele for black fur

RELATIVE FREQUENCY is often expressed as a __________________. EX: In this population Dominant B allele (black) = 40% Recessive b allele (brown) = 60% percentage

NOTHING DOMINANT RECESSIVE RELATIVE FREQUENCY has _________ to do with whether an allele is ______________ or _____________ In this population, the recessive allele is more frequent. DOMINANT RECESSIVE

Black lizards absorb more heat to warm up faster on cold days so they can move faster to get food and avoid predators. The allele for black may increase in frequency.

change the __________________ of alleles in population! NOT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION _______________________IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF VARIATION IN POPULATIONS, but it does _______ change the __________________ of alleles in population! NOT relative frequency Shuffling a deck of cards can shuffle to produce many different hands, but doesn’t change the number of kings or queens in the deck.

GENE SHUFFLING during _________ _____________ _______________ REMEMBER ! MEIOSIS GENE SHUFFLING during _________ _____________ _______________ ___________________ Crossing over Segregation Independent Assortment RESULT IN GENETIC RECOMBINATION

Independent assortment ____________________ during __________ of _______ is a lot like shuffling a deck of cards. There are always 52 cards, and the _________ of you being dealt any one card is always the same. Anaphase I meiosis probability

During ____________________, there are 23 ___________ “cards” that can be “shuffled” and “dealt” in _________ combinations! Also, sometimes the “cards” you are dealt are brand-new and unique due to ___________. independent assortment chromosome 8.4 million crossing over

that control that trait. PHENOTYPES The number of _______________ produced for a given trait depends on the number of ______ that control that trait. PHENOTYPES GENES EX: Widow’s peak No widow’s peak Single gene traits result in only _______phenotypes. TWO

_______________ traits are controlled by two or more genes. POLYGENIC A bell shaped curve is typical of polygenic traits

When traits are controlled by _______ than one gene, the effects are more complex. Remember ______________ traits show a bell-curve distribution more polygenic

Chemicals Radiation BIOLOGISTS can now explain how the _____________ that DARWIN saw is produced! A __________ is any change in a a sequence of _______ SOURCES OF MUTATIONS: __________________________ _____________________ __________________ variation mutation DNA Mistakes in replication Chemicals Radiation

Mutations that change phenotype can affect an organism’s ____________ (ability to survive and reproduce) fitness

Each time an organism reproduces, it passes its genes on to the next generation. So __________ = success in passing on genes FITNESS

The ___________ of individuals near each other will not be very different, but fitness may vary from one end of curve to the other. FITNESS Where fitness varies, ________________ can act! NATURAL SELECTION

silent Many mutations are ___________ and result in death. Some mutations are ____________ and DON’T affect and organism’s ______________ at all. LETHAL silent PHENOTYPE EX: Changing the code from GGA to GGU doesn’t change the amino acid used

Individuals may carry alleles in ______________ relative frequencies than in the larger population. The population they “found” will be different from the parent population . . . not through natural selection but by _________ different chance

A situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of the population = _________________ FOUNDER EFFECT