Welcome to a new scientific journey Welcome to a new scientific journey. Today you will be learning about genetics and why people look the way they do. Pretend you are a scientists, answer all questions to the best of your ability…. If you don’t know, take a guess! Remember scientists don’t KNOW all the answers, they simply SEARCH for all the answers! Important guidelines: USE PENCIL, and once you click NEXT, you can never go back…. So make sure you read each slide carefully!! NEXT

Please answer the following question on your handout: #1 How do people get some looks from their mom and some from their dad? NEXT

Consider the following imaginary situation MOM Dad Has a straight hairline has a “Widows Peak” hairline #2 Mom has the “straight hairline” gene dad has the “widow’s peak” gene. What kind of hairline will their kids have? Straight Widow’s Peak

You chose that their kids will have a straight hairline You chose that their kids will have a straight hairline. Answer why in your handout Question #3 NEXT

You chose that their kids will have a widow’s peak You chose that their kids will have a widow’s peak. Answer why in your handout Question #3 NEXT

Now pretend that Rihanna and Zinedine the soccer player really DID get married and have a baby. And look at that, He has a straight hairline! How does that change your answer to #3a? Put your revised answer in #3b Consider this: You have a friend that has a Widow’s Peak but doesn’t want their child to have a Widow’s Peak. They intend to marry someone with a straight hairline to prevent their kids form having a widow’s peak. Will this work? Explain to them why or why not for #4 in your answer sheet. NEXT

Now pretend that Rihanna and Zinedine the soccer player really DID get married and have a baby. And look at that, they had a baby with a straight hairline! How does that change your answer for question #3? Consider this: You have a friend that has a straight hairline but doesn’t want their child to have a straight hairline. They intend to marry someone with a Widow’s Peak to prevent their kids from having a straight hairline. Will this work? Explain to them why or why not for #4 in your answer sheet. NEXT

So, you probably have figured out that you get a copy of genetic information from EACH of your parents. What are those copies called? Come up with a name for it for answer #5a (just make something up!) NEXT

Each of YOUR parents have TWO copies of every gene. Mom Dad Each of YOUR parents have TWO copies of every gene. Just like you came up with a word to define what these copies are called, scientists have already come up with a name for it! NEXT

Scientists named these copies “Alleles” Scientists named these copies “Alleles”. Put that new word into #5b in your answer sheet. Mom Dad Alleles! You have TWO alleles for EVERY trait you have. Lets pretend those alleles are on the Hair Color gene. Looks like both parents have two copies of the allele for BLONDE HAIR This means that their children can only have BLONDE HAIR. NEXT

What if mom has 2 copies of the BLONDE allele, and Dad has 2 copies of the BROWN allele? Mom Dad If their child will get one copy from EACH parent, what alleles will the child have? FOUR Allele choices! A: B: C: D: E:

Choice A is incorrect, remember that the child needs a copy from EACH parent… don’t forget about DAD. Return to the question

Choice B is incorrect, remember every person has TWO copies of every gene…. Return to the question

Answer C is incorrect, remember every person gets a copy from EACH parent… don’t forget about MOM Return to the question

The child will have a BROWN and BLONDE allele Answer D is CORRECT! The child will have a BROWN and BLONDE allele So, we know what their GENES are, but how do we know how their hair will APPEAR? As you can see, alleles have TWO parts of information: they make up the GENES inside us, and those genes tell our bodies how to APPEAR. Describe this in your own words for question #6a NEXT

Answer E is incorrect, remember every child gets TWO copies of an allele Return to the question

Back to the question, what will a person’s hair color be if they carry BOTH the brown allele AND the blonde allele? Make a guess! Blonde Brown

You guessed BLONDE If someone has both brown and blonde alleles, explain why you said blonde for question #7 NEXT

You guessed BROWN If someone has both brown and blonde alleles, explain why you said brown in question #7 NEXT

This power is called dominance In your explanation for #7 you might have said that certain alleles have more power over other alleles. This power is called dominance Some alleles are dominant over recessive alleles Now, restate your answer to #7 using the words recessive and dominant for question #8 NEXT

Now, lets return to the TWO parts of information that alleles provide. The two alleles consist of the GENE. This GENE controls the APPEARANCE of the person. Scientists have come up with two words to describe this, called GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES. Put his in your answer to #6b matching it with the definition you already have. NEXT

Back to the hair color Example We know that the child has a BROWN allele and a BLONDE allele This is their GENOTYPE If BLONDE is recessive to BROWN what will the PHENOTYPE of this person be? A: Brown B: Blonde C: I don’t know

A is correct! The person will have BROWN hair because the dominant allele will be the one shown in the PHENOTYPE Put your answer to this question for #9 NEXT

B is not correct, remember, if the blonde allele is recessive to Brown, then brown is dominant over blonde Return to the question

Yes you do!! Return to the question

Ok, now for a little practice Hitchhiker's thumb Hold out your hand and make a fist with the thumb extended. Bend the last joint of the thumb back as far as possible. A straight thumb is dominant while a bent thumb is recessive. Lets call the non-bending allele 1 Lets call the bending allele 2 (write that for #10) If a man with the GENOTYPE 1, 1 marries a woman with the GENOTYPE 2, 2 what will the GENOTYPE of their child be? A: 1, 1 B: 1, 2 C: 2, 2 D: Straight Thumb E: Bent Thumb

Answer A is incorrect 1, 1 means that they got a 1 from their mom and their dad….. Is that correct? Return to the question

B is correct!! Lets draw it out in something called a Punnett square. Copy this into #10 using different colors as shown! 1 1 2 1, 2 NEXT

Answer C is incorrect 2, 2 means that they got a 2 from their mom and their dad….. Is that correct? Return to the question

Answer D is incorrect Remember, this question is asking for GENOTYPE, not PHENOTYPE Return to the Question

Answer E is incorrect Remember, this question is asking for GENOTYPE not PHENOTYPE Return to the question

Complete the Punnett Square in question #11 NOW suppose that their child, with genotype 1, 2 grew up and married a woman with a genotype of 2, 2 Complete the Punnett Square in question #11 Mom’s Alleles Possible genotype #1 Possible Genotype #2 Possible Genotype #3 Possible Genotype #4 Make a Punnett square and put the correct alleles in the boxes using the example from #10 Dad’s Alleles Next

What did you put in this box? C: 1 D: 1, 2

Answer A is incorrect, there should only be one allele for each column Return to the question

Answer B is correct! The mother has TWO alleles of type 2…. So one goes on the top of each column NEXT

Answer C is incorrect, remember, the child marries a woman with genotype 2, 2 Return to the question

Answer D is incorrect remember, only one allele goes in each column Return to the question

More practice Can you roll your tongue into a flower?? Show your partner and fill in question #12 NEXT

The tongue rolling gene will be designated by the number 1 The non-tongue rolling gene will be designated by the number 2 Put these facts down in question #13, you will need them later NEXT

# 14 If a man with genotype 1,2 marries a woman with genotype 1, 2 make a Punnett square showing the possible offspring genotypes. NEXT

Looking at the possible offspring genotypes, there should be two squares with the same genotype… what is that genotype? A: 1, 1 B: 1, 2 C: 2, 2

A is incorrect, there should not be two boxes with 1, 1 in them. Return to question

Your Punnett square should look like this Answer B is correct!! Your Punnett square should look like this 1 2 1, 1 1, 2 2, 2 1 2 NEXT

Answer C is incorrect, you should not have two boxes with the genotype 2, 2 Return to the question

Genotype Phenotype (tongue rollers, or not tongue rollers?) 1, 1 _____ Ok so if the tongue rolling gene (1) is dominant over the non-tongue rolling gene (2) then predict if these people will be able to roll their tongue. Copy this down for answer #15 Genotype Phenotype (tongue rollers, or not tongue rollers?) 1, 1 _____ 1, 2 _____ 2, 2 _____ NEXT

Ok, so if people with the genotype 1, 1 AND 1, 2 can roll their tongue… look at your Punnett square carefully and make an educated guess of the percent chance that this couple will have a child that CAN roll their tongue. NEXT

So maybe you figured it out, but maybe you didn’t… its okay, it took scientists hundreds of years to figure this out! A man named Gregor Mendel did hundreds of experiments in the 1840’s and people didn’t even think they were important until the mid 1900’s!! NEXT

Ok so back to the question. Let’s remember your Punnett Square # 17 Out of the four Squares, how many Show the trait of Tongue rolling? ____ out of four What percentage is that? NEXT

You might see where I am going with this….. #17 continued Out of four, how many cannot roll their tongue? What percentage is that? NEXT

A new idea Sometimes people have two of the same allele for example 1, 1 or 2, 2 Sometimes they are different, for example 1, 2 Come up with a name for each of these cases for question #18 (yes I want you to just make something up!) NEXT

Let’s use this new information to help Bella make a tough decision. Bella is still trying to decide who to marry, Edward or Jacob. Besides deciding between a warewolf or a vampire, Bella is really concerned about having a child with a dimple in it’s chin. # 19 (write this down) The chin dimple allele is dominant. We will call that allele 1 The non-dimpled chin is recessive. We will call that allele 2 If Bella doesn’t have a chin dimple, what must her genotype be? A: Chin Dimple B: 1, 1 C: No Chin dimple D: 1, 2 E: 2, 2

A is incorrect, a physical trait is a PHENOTYPE not a GENOTYPE! Return to the question

B is incorrect, remember the 1 allele is the chin dimple allele. Return to the question

C is incorrect, a physical trait is a PHENOTYPE not a GENOTYPE Return to the question

D is incorrect, if 1 is dominant over 2, then if 1 was present, wouldn’t Bella have a dimpled chin? But she doesn’t… so try again! Return to the question

Her genotype is 2, 2 (mark that in #19) E is correct!! Bella MUST have two of the recessive alleles in order for the recessive phenotype to show. Her genotype is 2, 2 (mark that in #19) NEXT

Edward vs Jacob Bella wants her kids to have a dimpled chin, she thinks it’s SO cute, Who should she choose? NEXT

UH OH! The baby doesn’t have a chin dimple…. What happened? There is a genetic explanation for this! #20 Draw a Punnett square using Bella’s Alleles and Jacob’s Alleles to show how this may have happened Bella’s Alleles here 2 2 Jacob’s Alleles here Hint: Keep trying Punnett squares until you find the answer!! NEXT

# 21 Now I would like you to write an explanation of how Bella and Jacob had a baby without a dimpled chin. Here are some words to include in your explanation. Fill these in on your worksheet Heterozygous= when a person carries two DIFFERENT alleles (example 1, 2) Homozygous= when a person carries two of the same alleles (example 1, 1) Carrier= When a person SHOWS the dominant PHENOTYPE (like a chin dimple), but carries the recessive allele. NEXT

Using your Punnett square from #21, predict the percent chance that Bella and Jacob’s next baby will have a dimpled chin. A: 25 % B: 30% C: 75% D: 50% E: 0% I love you Bella! I’m just so confused!!

Answer A is incorrect 25% would suggest that only 1 out of four boxes contain a genotype that would give a dimpled chin…. Look again! Return to the question

Answer B is incorrect In the type of genetics we are studying, there can never be a 30% chance of a certain phenotype. Return to the question

Answer C is incorrect, 75% would suggest that 3 out of the 4 boxes carry the allele 1 for chin dimples. Return to the question

Answer D is correct!!! 1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 2 2, 2 2 These two boxes represent the two possibilities of a child having no dimple in its chin. Therefore there is a 2 out of 4 chance that the child will not have a dimple… 50%!!!! NEXT

Answer E is incorrect, 0% would suggest that there are no boxes that carry the 1 allele for chin dimples… that can’t be right if Jacob has a 1 allele and could give it to his children! Return to the question

WOW You have learned SO MUCH!! Lets summarize: Define these 8 ideas in your OWN words: Recessive, Dominant, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Allele, Carrier, Genotype, Phenotype. And write down what a Punnett square is used for. I’m done with the Idea Summary and Am ready to continue to the extra credit video.

Here is a cool video showing how birds “advertise” good genes Here is a cool video showing how birds “advertise” good genes. All mating behavior is designed to say “hey look at me… my genetics are great, be my mate!!” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJgfcOd1R7E&list=SL Click on the video only if you have headphones!