Statistics and Demography/Population Programme Secretariat of the Pacific Community Census Geography in the Pacific United Nations Expert Group Meeting on on the 2010 World Programme on Population and Housing Censuses: International standards, contemporary technologies and regional cooperation.

MAP LAYER Marshall Islands Kiribati Tuvalu French Polynesia Tokelau Am Samoa Samoa Wallis et Futuna Pitcairn Islands Cook Islands Niue Fiji Vanuatu New Caledonia Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Tonga Nauru Palau Guam CNMI Federated States of Micronesia TEXT LAYER 22 member countries (15) and territories (7) 9.3 million people over 34 million square km of ocean Unique Pacific challenges –Distance –Scale –Scattered populations –Challenging physical geography Pacific Islands region - Background

Kiribati Palau Cook Islands Niue Samoa Tokelau Tonga FijiMarshall Islands Solomon Islands Vanuatu Am. Samoa CNMI FSM Guam PNG MAP LAYER Marshall Islands Kiribati Tuvalu French Polynesia Tokelau Am Samoa Samoa Wallis et Futuna Pitcairn Islands Cook Islands Niue Fiji Vanuatu New Caledonia Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea Tonga Nauru Palau Guam CNMI Federated States of Micronesia TEXT LAYER Population and Housing Censuses, 2010 round Wallis et Futuna

Province District LLG Census Unit

Group Island Village 4 feet above sea level largest land area of any atoll in the world km

Past experience - What are the constraints? $ Cost and financing PICTS experienced difficulties financing their census operations in 2000 round. Base maps did not exist Some censuses in the past were planned and collected without a clear GIS capability in mind and a lack of geographic identifiers. Digital base maps were not always available. Staff Lack of skilled personel and loss of experienced staff (turnover) If there is continuous change of staff it impacts on the sustainability of census activities. Know how ? Traditionally census mapping was given low priority. Some NSOs countries relied heavily on assistance from their resident Lands and Surveys Dept or Mapping Agency. Collaboration with other government agencies has been challenging Time Pre census mapping is usually done late in the planning phase of the census cycle (often ad-hoc and too late).

8 Wallis and Futuna 140PNG 8 Kiribati 14Vanuatu 5 Palau16Guam 5 Tuvalu 6 Northern Marianas n.a.French Polynesia 25Tonga3Niue80Fiji 1 Tokelau41New Caledonia 19FSM 22Solomon Islands 3 Nauru10Cook Islands 27Samoa7Marshall Islands 7 American Samoa StaffCountryStaffCountryStaffCountry PICT National Statistics Office staff numbers

No digital maps used in EA definition No up to date maps existed in 1999 census Populations numbers in some of the urban EAs were difficult to manage resulting in unreasonable workloads for enumerators

Port Vila, Vanuatu Blacksands (peri-Urban) Enumeration Area In the 1999 Census this area was enumerated with : 943 Households : 4818 Population Blacksands 835

Port Vila, Vanuatu Freshwota (peri-Urban) EA 840 In the 1999 Census this area had : 492 Households : 2715 Total Population

 2005 EA’s in yellow  2000 EA’s in green Problems with census mapping EA delineation: South Tarawa, Kiribati

Case Tonga Most recent census November 2006 No digital census block maps from 1996 were available only hard copy printed maps. NSO staff worked with Ministry of Lands and Survey and Natural Resources on long term attachment (building capacity, improving relationship and less resource intensive on NSO) Census block maps showed essential features (land parcels) and clear boundaries, as well as useful features such as churches gas station and roads that would help enumerators locate households and buildings shown on the map.

‘Old school’ vs ‘New School’ techniques

Aerial photography 1:5,000 and 1:50,000 scale Digital map layers (roads, Rivers, contour lines and major buildings) for whole of Samoa Digitisation of census map Sheets (878 EAs and approx 30,000 HH). Case Samoa Remote sensing approach

Satellite Imagery and GPS Case : Republic of the Marshall Islands 2006 the Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office conducted socio- economic Community Survey on six Atolls to investigate basic living conditions and economic situation. Used small hand held mobile Global Positioning System (GPS) units and high resolution satellite imagery The team surveyed 1,205 households across 6 Atolls with data collected on 9,491 individuals (roughly 20% of the estimated population of the RMI. Majuro Survey Team being trained in GPS

Case : Republic of the Marshall Islands Pre Survey Mapping

GPS coordinates, and selected households Survey map provided to Ebeye Survey Team Case : Republic of the Marshall Islands Data Collection

Case : Republic of the Marshall Islands Post Survey mapping Children living adjacent to the current public dump in Majuro.

PopGIS for data dissemination and utilization There was a need to simplify population data, and to make these data more accessible at levels of geography below simply national levels. The SPC developed a customised software (Population GIS) for statisticians and planners, to improve the effectiveness of census (and other socio-economic) data dissemination and utilization So far 10 national systems have been developed covering the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Samoa, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Tonga and Wallis et Futuna Two distinct groups of intended users The producers of data and statistics (NSO) The main users of this data (Planning)

Output: Population Atlas RMI

Future Outlook - Demand for small area data Solomon Islands 2 April Tsunami In the pacific for some time there has been a growing demand for small area statistics below the national sub-national level. A prime example is the need for village level population and housing data required for assessing, monitoring and managing disaster preparedness, given the Pacific islands' exposure to cyclones, earthquakes and other natural disasters. More recently an earthquake measuring 8.1 struck the Solomon Islands on 2 April creating a tsunami causing significant damage in the Solomon Islands. Information on displaced village population was needed in targeting emergency response work.

Future outlook – Dissemination: Internet mapping Maps have become common place on the internet with the recent emergence of new “geobrowsing” technologies such as Google Earth, Google Maps and NASA World Wind. Low -cost, easy-to-use alternatives to the more traditional heavyweight GIS applications. SPC member country NSO’s also publish census mapping outputs via their national PRISM websites. Internet based map servers being deployed in many Pacific Island countries will also make dissemination of census data to a wider audience also possible

Map Server in Pacific Island Countries To reduce vulnerability for Pacific Island States through availability of mapping information on the Internet. (SOPAC EU) Map server, presenting maps via the web, developed with OpenSource software operating in 14 PICTs

GPS used for collecting coordinates of individual houses The use of GPS for census taking has a distinct advantage in allowing the linking of census records to an actual physical location. In most PICTs, as is the case in many developing countries, no exact location database of dwellings exist for census project use, and a lack of street names and numbers mean no address lists are available. GPS also serves as a management tool: It is also expected to streamline the process for census workers and managers. here cross checking can be made and if necessary enumerators can be sent back to areas they have missed. In this situation handheld GPS and satellite imagery will greatly increase the accuracy of residence locations particularly in rural areas

PDA (Personal Device Assistant) A small, handheld lightweight field computer with GPS enabled Simple navigation for enumerators using maps and Satellite Imagery For updating EA boundaries and also able to take GPS locations of Households Automated questionnaire entry Simple synchronization of field updates with laptop. Household listing example Model Census Questionnaire example GIS GPS/PDA INTEGRATION

Critical success factors Building an effective mapping capacity is very much tied to relationships built with other spatial data gathering agencies. (E.g. GIS user groups and Lands and Survey departments) Develop a regional approach to training capacity building (sharing) or capacity- supplementation. Perhaps establish a regional census and survey cartographic capacity with a regional organization, like SPC. Sharing of technology such as a stockpile of GPS units provided on loan to PICTs prior to census and survey undertakings). SOPAC allow use of A0 scanner for countries to use and satellite imagery. NSOs could benefit from the exchange of experience among countries through South South collaboration and synergies created. The participating countries and agencies would serve as resources to each other and form a repository of knowledge and implementing practices. E.g. – Census Knowledge Base Censuses and surveys need to be properly planned, resourced and collected with a clear GIS capability in mind. Needs to become an ongoing process rather than implemented as an ad hoc task too late in the census cycle. Political will and leadership is needed to make it work.

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