Ch.11: The ancient Hebrews and the origins of Judaism

The Hebrew civilization Hebrew Civilization thrived from 1800 B.C.E. – 70 C.E. Originally From Mesopotamia, moved to land of Canaan Hebrews were founders of Judaism Transformed from Hebrews to Jews

The torah Origins and basic laws come from the Torah (God’s teaching) Torah consists of first five books of the Christian Bible (Old Testament) Historians study to understand history of Judaism Historians also study artifacts left behind

The ancient Hebrews According to Torah, Abraham: ancestor of the Hebrews, lived in Mesopotamia 1950 B.C.E. Abraham led many to Canaan, herded sheep & goats 1800 B.C.E. Hebrews fled to Egypt due to a famine Hebrews became slaves, Moses led Hebrews out of Egypt

The ancient Hebrews After escaping Egypt, Hebrews wandered for 40 years, return to Canaan 1,000 B.C.E. Hebrews set up Kingdom of Israel Canaan under rule of Kind David & son, King Solomon Solomon built a temple in capital city Jerusalem

Western Wall built by King Solomon

Important hebrew leaders Abraham Moses King Solomon Four Key Jewsh Leaders King David

Abraham “Father of the Hebrews”: introduced Judaism Based on belief of one God (Uncommon for this era) Torah: God told him to move his family to Canaan God promised to make him the father of a blessed nation Descendants known as Jewish People

moses “Greatest Leader”: led his people out of slavery in Egypt Moses told Hebrews: God lead them to Canaan for their faithful obedience Canaan is known as the promise land God gave Moses 10 most important laws Became foundation of Jewish beliefs

King David & King solomon Back to Canaan, ruled under Kings David and Solomon Jerusalem became Holy City King Solomon built the first great temple.

Abraham’s covenant with god Judaism began with a covenant between God & Abram God visited Abram as an old man, told to leave his country Mesopotamia to Canaan At age 99, made another covenant with God

Abraham’s covenant with god God promised to protect Abram’s descendants Mark of covenant: gave a new name, Abraham Abraham means “father of many” Covenant meant: Jews would set an example for how God wanted people to live

Abraham's sacrifice God often tested Abraham’s faith Sacrifices common of animals God tested his faith by sacrificing Abraham’s son Abraham agreed, took Isaac to sacrifice him Stopped by an angel at last minute

Abraham's sacrifice God promised again to bless Abraham’s descendants Hebrews flourished, nation made of 12 tribes Abraham introduced idea of one God Jews believe they should set an example of how people should live

Exodus from Egypt Moses became leader around 1250 B.C.E. Hebrews became very powerful and large in numbers Pharaoh felt threatened, made Jews be slaves Moses with God’s strength went to the Pharaoh to free the Jews

Exodus from Egypt Pharaoh wouldn't free the slaves God punished Egypt with 10 different plagues Locusts devoured all crops, Nile turned into blood Angel sent by God killed first born son of watch family Pharaoh finally gave in.

Exodus from Egypt Moses started to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt Egyptian Army caught up with the Hebrews by Red Sea Moses raised his stick and the sea parted Hebrews got across, water came back while army tried to cross drowning the soldiers

The ten commandments 10 laws, foundation of Judaism Given to Moses at Mt. Sinai Commandments remind Hebrews to only worship one God Sabbath- seventh day of the week to rest and worship

The ten commandments Basic Moral Laws Hebrews obey commandments to honor covenant with God. Had to make moral laws known to the world Moses: led Jews out of Egypt, still celebrated today, brought the 10 Commandments, and worship one God

Kingdom of Israel David’s time: 1000 B.C.E. Hebrews at war with Philistines Philistines agreed to be Hebrews slaves if could beat their strongest warrior Teenage David agreed to fight Goliath Goliath was mocking God

Kingdom of Israel One mighty throw, Goliath fell David later became King due to strength and courage David ended wars and united the Kingdom of Israel New Kingdom had government, courts, army, David served as nation’s chief priest

King david David chose Jerusalem as capital city Jerusalem: center of religious and political life Ark of the Covenant to Israel Ten Commandments in a wood and gold chest

King Solomon Death of David, Solomon takes over Built temple in Jerusalem to house the Ark of the Covenant Hebrew people built temple Over 3,000 officials needed to oversee the project Taxed his people a lot to pay for gold, wood, and copper

King Solomon Solomon angered the Hebrew people Kingdom divided near Solomon’s death David & Solomon’s descendants ruled Southern Kingdom David & Solomon laid foundation for Jews to be governed by Kings: 400 years