Natural hazards and their impacts: geo-hazards and atmospheric hazards KGA171 The Global Geography of Change Presented by Associate Professor Elaine Stratford Semester 1

Vulnerability L vulnerare – to wound; capable of being wounded; open to attack or damage; assailable Geographical imagination Emotional geographies Peter Monamy, Loss of HMS 'Victory', 4 October 1744

LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD Part 1

Revising Lecture Name and explain Wirth’s categories of the urban. 2.Describe Mumford’s understanding of the relationship between spaces and people. 3.What are six elements of city life that are seen as positive? Are these exclusive to the urban? 4.Describe and exemplify the dynamic relationship between urbanization and industrialization. 5.What did Ebenezer Howard mean by the town and country magnet? 6.What is a slum? How is the existence of slums a geographical problem? 7.Describe and explain the spatial patterns for (a) urban population as a percentage of total population and (b) average annual urban growth rate. 8.Name and explain the salience of six characteristics of world or global cities. 9.Does the prevalence of small cities mean that sustainable development is more likely than if we all lived in mega-cities? Justify your answer. 10.Summarize the main objectives of Chapter 7 of Agenda What does William McDonough have to say about biological and technical nutrients and how might these relate to sustainable development in urban spaces? A Woman Thinking

Learning Objectives Module 6 Lecture 1 be able to –explain why vulnerability is a key ‘emotional geography’ among human beings, especially in the face of natural hazards –name, describe and exemplify a range of natural hazards –name, describe and explain a range of management responses to hazards KGA171 demonstrate knowledge of geographical concepts, earth and social systems and spatial patterns of change create and interpret basic maps, graphs and field data identify and analyse different viewpoints to contribute to debates about global development communicate in reflective and academic writing, referencing literature when needed

Textbook Reading Burton, I. & Kates, R.W.Burton, I. & Kates, R.W. (1964) The perception of natural hazards in resource management, Natural Resources Journal 3(3) pp Cutter, S.L. & Finch, C. Cutter, S.L. & Finch, C. (2008) Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(7) pp Critical reading 1. What is the author’s purpose? 2. What key questions or problems does the author raise? 3. What information, data and evidence does the author present? 4. What key concepts does the author use to organize this information, this evidence? 5. What key conclusions is the author coming to? Are those conclusions justified? 6. What are the author’s primary assumptions? 7. What viewpoints is the author writing from? 8. What are the implications of the author’s reasoning? [from Foundation for Critical Thinking]Foundation for Critical Thinking Old Woman Reading a Lectionary, Gerard Dou

TYPES OF GEO-HAZARDS Part 2

Geo-hazards in specific environments Fluvial environments – erosion, sediment accumulationFluvial Coastal environments – storm surges, sea-level rise, inundation, erosionCoastal Aeolian environments – wind erosion, dust storms, desertificationAeolian Periglacial environments – avalanches, thermokarstPeriglacial Glacial environments – glacier outburst floods, surgesGlacial Karst environments – sinkhole flooding, hidden cover collapseKarst

Land instability

Tsunamis

Wind erosion

Permafrost

Effects of volcanic activity

Land subsidence due to groundwater pumping Broadscale Broadscale subsidence

Karstic sinkholes

ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS Part 3

Atmospheric hazards Areally-extensive storm activity – Tropical cyclones – Extra-tropical cyclones – Storm surges Localised strong winds – Tornadoes – Dust storms – Other localised winds Lacustrine storms (lakes) – Wind and waves Ocean hazards – Waves – Sea ice – Coastal erosion – Sea level rise Droughts – Short term impacts – Longer term impacts Precipitation-induced floods – Flash floods – Large regional floods – Changes caused by floods Other precipitation hazards – Thunderstorms and lightning – Hail – Snowstorms – Blizzards – Freezing rain Fires and vegetation – Bushfires Source: Bryant E.A Natural Hazards. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Interactions are complex Source: Bryant, E. (1991) Natural Hazards. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Storm surges Storm surgeStorm surge, attributed to Hurricane Eloise

Strong winds Darwin, Australia after Cyclone Tracy

Flooding

Electrical storms

Winter storms

Dust storms

Drought

Bushfire

HAZARD MANAGEMENT (AKA MANAGING PEOPLE’S RESPONSES) Part 4

Hazard management strategies Mount Fuji: predictive ash-fall map

Hazard response

Responses to hazards

Human behaviour when disaster strikes

Event phase

The aftermath phase

Resettlement after disaster