Intergenerational Transfers in Form of Unpaid Work in Slovenia Jože Sambt University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics, Slovenia Institute of Mathematical Methods in Economics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria EUROPEAN TIME USE & NTA WORKSHOP Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden. 8-9 November 2012

Motivation NTA (National Transfer Accounts): a system that measures economic flows across age groups NTA are synchronized with SNA (System of National Accounts) and as such it ignores production that has a form of unpaid work like cooking, cleaning, childcare etc. Identifying and quantifying the value of unpaid work  to obtain comprehensive picture about economic flows across age groups, investment in human capital (including rasing children), long-term care etc.

Data Time Use Survey, obtained from the Centre for Time Use Research (the survey was conducted by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia). Year: 2000/2001 (no newer data available, no plans for the next wave in the near future) Sample size was 4,500 households, out of which 2,364 households responded 24 hour diary with 10 minutes time intervals. Each respondent should provide 2 diary days – weekend and weekday The dataset contains 12,273 records for 6,183 individuals

Age profiles of time devoted to different activities, male

Age profiles of time devoted to different activities, female

Minutes daily devoted to different activities; comparing female to male Minutes per day Difference (female compared to male) TotalMaleFemaleMinutes% Paid work Education Unpaid work Personal care Leisure

Age profiles of time devoted to different forms of unpaid work, male

Age profiles of time devoted to different forms of unpaid work, female

Minutes daily devoted to different forms of unpaid work; comparing female to male Minutes per day Difference (female compared to male) TotalMaleFemaleMinutes% Cooking, washing up Housework Other domestic jobs Gardening Shopping Childcare Travel Civic duties

Value of unpaid work: specialist method vs. opportunity cost method; wages from 2004 are used Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.

Value of unpaid work: specialist method vs. opportunity cost method; wages from 2004 are used (smoothed) Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.

Value of unpaid work: specialist method vs. opportunity cost method; wages from 2004 are used (smoothed) Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations. Aggregate value of unpaid work: 64% of GDP 42% of GDP

Consumption of unpaid work (adjusted to specialist method) – Childcare and Other unpaid work Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.

Consumption of unpaid work (adjusted to specialist method) - Total

Consumption of unpaid work (adjusted to specialist method) (smoothed) Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.

Transfers across age groups in form of unpaid work Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.

Net private transfers: NTA results supplemented by unpaid work transfers; Slovenia, 2004 Source: Centre for Time Use Research and authors‘ calculations.

Conclusions The value of unpaid work is very important and should be included into NTA analysis to obtain comprehensive picture about the transfers across age groups, investment in children, burden of population ageing etc. Adding gender dimension into NTA would be interesting as well. In 2000/2001 women in Slovenia provided more unpaid work than men of about 2 hours per day: for about 1 hour per day women are „compensating“ less work in paid work arrangement women had about 1 hour per day less leisure time

International comparison (preliminary)

Directions of future research Trying to refine the results based on the original data from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia Sensitivity analyses Existence of double shifts for women Full NTA/NTTA decomposition by gender

Thank you! … and especially thanks to Gretchen