A I A S 1 Why do people work overtime hours? Paid and unpaid overtime working in the Netherlands and Germany Woliweb research meeting 23 june 2006 Kea Tijdens Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies Universiteit van Amsterdam

A I A S 2 Employer driven overtime extended hours mostly employer-driven (Peetz, AUS, 2003) unemployment rates decrease overtime; current level of production increase overtime, yet not the expected level (Kraft, GER, 1989) firm size positively related to overtime (Duchesne, CAN, 1997)

A I A S 3 Employee-driven overtime interactions of private and on-the-job use of computers increase unpaid overtime (Hubler, GER, 2000) workplace culture important; employees internalise overtime pressure (Peetz, AUS, 2003) skilled workers more overtime than unskilled (Bauer and Zimmerman, GER, 1999)

A I A S 4 Who has overtime hours men more overtime than women; yrs & low-skilled more paid overtime; yrs & skilled more unpaid overtime: little overtime for lone parents (Duchesne, CAN, 1997) men + newcomers work overtime, leavers don’t (Bockerman, FIN, 2002) empirical evidence to what extent overtime is employer- or employee-driven is lacking

A I A S 5 Hypotheses Employer-driven: overtime depend on –workforce size, i.e. full-time and part-time staffing levels –the incidence, duration and predictability of peak demand periods Employee-driven: overtime depend on –the need for sufficient income –the wish to obtain promotion –to get the work done –to keep jobs in case of downsizing

A I A S 6 Detailing overtime Overtime payment –premium-paid overtime –paid overtime –overtime compensated by time-off –uncompensated overtime Employee-level performance measure –output driven (salaried workers) –hours-driven (hourly paid workers)

A I A S 7 Overtime decisions –employer-demanded with and without employee-refusal –voluntary employee decision, with and without employer-demand

A I A S 8 WageIndicator data selection countries en releases selected: –Germany (DE) and Netherlands (NL) –for release 1-6 (sept04-mar06) selection-1: –employees, excluding self-employed etc. selection-2: –working hours agreed with employer DENL –not agreed5%4% –agreed in writing88%85% –agreed verbally7%11% number of observations (unweighted) –DE 41,326 –NL 47,749

A I A S 9 What working hours are agreed DENL 1 Full-time hours per week89%74% 2 Part-time hours per week8%23% 3 Annualised hours2%1% 4 Flexible hours1%2% 6 I work on call0% 7 Other0% Total100%

A I A S 10 What overtime arrangements apply

A I A S 11 Working overtime hours (>=1 hr per week)

A I A S 12 Overtime and payment defining hourly paid workers: –paid overtime with bonus & without bonus –overtime time-compensated defining salaried workers: –unpaid overtime frequenciesDENL –1 overtime and salaried4.2%5.8% –2 overtime and hourly paid8.7%17.2% –3 no overtime87.2%76.9% –Total100%100%

A I A S 13 Conclusions 1 age –NL + DE old age groups perform more paid and more unpaid overtime education –NL + DE higher educated perform more unpaid overtime compared to lower educated –NL + DE as for paid overtime very little differences across education groups gender & children –NL + DE males with children perform the most overtime household income –NL + DE unpaid overtime increases with income –paid overtide decreases with income partner –NL + DE unpaid overtime does not depend on partner –NL + DE paid overtime more often when partner

A I A S 14 Conclusions 2 industry –NL + DE very few differences across industry (4 cat), least in agri/manufact/construction collective agreement –NL + DE less unpaid overtime when covered, paid overtime not affected by coverage –NL + DE as for paid overtime very little differences across education groups firmsize –NL + DE in smaller firms more unpaid overtime –NL in smaller firms more paid overtime

A I A S 15 Employee driven overtime NL (logistic regression)

A I A S 16 Employee driven overtime DE

A I A S 17 Employer driven overtime NL

A I A S 18 Employer driven overtime DE