Erosion of the boundaries between formal and informal work in European welfare states Paper for presentation at the RECWOWE Doctoral Workshop “Work, care and well-being: public and private arrangements” STAKES, Helsinki, September 16-17, 2008 Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute of Sociology Director, Centre of Globalisation and Governance University of Hamburg Birgit Pfau-Effinger

central questions  What are the general trends in the development towards new forms of care work in Europe?  Why are there cross-national differences in relation to the use of new forms of care work? Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

 Working Group „ Gender Issues/Social Services “ : COST A13 Action Programme of the EU and European Science Foundation: ‚ Change of Labour Markets, Welfare States and Citizenship ‘ (Co-ordinator) (Pfau-Effinger/Geissler 2005)  Research project in the 5th EU Framework Programme Formal and Informal Work in Europe. A Comparative Analysis of their Changing Relationship and their Impact on Social Integration ‘ (FIWE) with research teams in six countries: Finland, Denmark, Germany, UK, Poland, Spain (Co-ordinator) (Pfau- Effinger/Flaquer/Jensen 2009)  Research project of the German Research Foundation (DFG) ‚Local policies towards elderly care in a comparative perspective ‘ (Chair) research basis Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

1. Problems of the ‚ old ‘, dual concept of care work 2.Towards a multi-dimensional approach to analyses of the structures of care work 3.Analysing and explaining cross-national differences in the use of new forms of care work 4.Conclusions structure of the presentation Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

1. Problems of the ‚old‘, dual concept of care work Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

the ‚old‘, dual concept of care work  Feminist theory: dichotomies with regard to care like public - private, formal – informal; unpaid family work - paid gainful employment.  Formal and informal care work often construed as opposites.  Formalised forms of care characterised as a modern and women-friendly form of social integration, informal care as backwardness and social marginalisation of women (see also Cousins 1998). Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

problems of the concept  neglects change within informal care work  neglects change that leads two an erosion of the boundaries between formal and informal care work Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

new concepts for analyses of family policies and care  de-familisation (Esping-Andersen 1996; Lister 1998)  commodification (Ungerson 2005; Ostner/Knijn 2005) problems  often focus on mainly one dimension of care work: inside- outside family, or paid-unpaid work  do not really overcome the restrictions of the old dichotomy Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

main assumptions  development of different new forms of care work in European societies  erosion of the boundaries between formal and informal care work Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

2. Towards a multi-dimensional approach to analyses of the structures of care work Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

analytical framework: five dimensions of change of care work  type of workers by which care work is provided  societal sphere in which care work is provided  degree of formality of care work (‚formal‘ means that it is regulated in a legal framework) Informal care work: not regulated in a legal framework semi-formal care work: regulated on the basis of welfare state schemes (Pfau-Effinger 2005; Geissler/Pfau- Effinger 2005) Formal care work is regulated on the basis of legislation relating to formal emplyment  degree and type of payment  gender composition of care work Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

main trends in relation to these dimensions – western Europe  type of workers Increase in professional and non-professional employees outside the family, and hired employees within the private household  societal sphere Outsourcing of care work, mainly to state organisations, otherwise non-profit organisations, moderately to market enterprises (Pfau-Effinger et al. 2008)  degree of formality Increase in formal forms of care work (Anttonen/Sipilä 2005; Theobald 2005, OECD 2002), in semi-formal forms and in paid informal care work in most West European countries, some opposite trends in elderly care for ex. in Sweden (Szebehely 2008).  pay Increase in different forms of paid care work, either by forms of pay to caring family members, or to employees within or outside the family (Ungerson 2005),  gender composition moderate increase in the contribution of men to informal and semi- formal care. Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

Table 1: Trend towards (mainly) three new forms of care work 1970s until 2007 unpaid paid formal Formal care work in gainful employment outside (and inside) the family (Anttonen/Sipilä 2005; Rostgaard 2005; Theobald 2005, OECD 2002) Semi-formal family care work on the basis of welfare state programmes -with increase in share of men (Geissler/Pfau- Effiger 2005; Eydal 2005; Hobson 2004) Informal, paid care work by employees (‚undeclared work‘) in the private household (Hillmann 2005; Pfau- Effinger 2009) Informal Historical starting point in West European Societies: Informal unpaid family care by women

main factors explaining the development of the new forms – socio-economic and cultural change  increase in women‘s labour force participation  development trend of cultural family models towards ‚dual breadwinner‘ models  debate about ‚greying of society‘  societal recognition of family childcare and family based elderly care as ‚work‘  Cultural ideas introduced by international organisations Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

main factors explaining the development of the new forms – policy change  welfare state policies establishing new social rights related to care (Knijn/Kremer 1997) social right to receive care social right to give care  public provision of childcare or elderly care in part not matching the demand  EU policies Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

3. Analysing and explaining cross-national differences in the use of new forms of care work Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

problem: in part missing data base regarding...  cross-national data about the employment status of people who provide family care  possibility to differentiate between informal unpaid and semi-formal paid family care  information about relationship of social rights to receive care and real take-up rates  Distinguish share of undeclared work in private households for cleaning and for care work  differentiated attitude data in relation to cultural values and cultural family models Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

Table 2: New forms of care work in western European societies New forms of care work HighMediumLow Formal care work Denmark Finland France East Germany West Germany Austria Norway Great Britain Spain Trend: increase Semi-formal care work Austria West Germany Norway France Denmark Finland Great Britain Spain East Germany Undeclared care employment SpainGreat Britain West Germany Austria Denmark East Germany Finland France Norway Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

assumptions regarding factors that substantially contribute to explaining cross-national differences  the quality of social rights related to care  the importance given to parental care in the dominant cultural family model/s  and their interplay in the societal care arrangement/s Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

Cultural system Cultural values related to care, clustered to ‚family models‘ collective/ Primary actors -Power relations -Discourse -Negotiation -conflicts Structures of care work welfare state policies towards care Social rights to receive care Social rights to give care Social system - Central institutions Welfare state Family Economy Labour Market Non-profit sector... - Social structures Social inequality Gender inequality Division of labour Power relations Transnational diffusion of ideas and supranational policy level Zentrale gesell- schaftliche InstitutionenZentrale gesell- schaftliche Institutionen Ideas Inte- rests Graph 1: Explanation of the structures of care work in the context of the societal ‚care arrangement‘ An arrangement is negotiated, it can be contradictory and contested and subject of change.

definition – culture, cultural family models  culture: constructions of sense to which people orient in their behaviour, it includes values, models and stocks of knowledge (Neidhard 1992; Lepsius 1990; Archer 1995)  cultural family models: basic ideas in a society which are related to the family and childcare  relatonship of the family with the employment system  the adequate societal sphere for childcare  gender division of labour  dependency/autonomy in the gender relations Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

Table 3: Degree of appreciation of parental care in different types of cultural family models Cultural family modelsDegree of importance given to parental care traditional family models (until middle of 20th Century) family economy modelrelatively low male breadwinner/female housewife model relatively high family models of post industrial society (since 1980s/1990s) male breadwinner/female part-time carer model relatively high dual part-time breadwinner/dual part-time carer model relatively high dual breadwinner/external care modelrelatively low dual breadwinner/extended family care model relatively low Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

definition – social rights  social rights – rights of the citizens in relation to the welfare state (Marshall 1962)  social rights related to care (Knijn/Kremer 1997)  social rights to receive care  social rights to give care  Quality of social rights related to care – indicators  degree to which they are universal  degree to which individual rights of those in need of care exist  generosity of benefits  degree of financial autonomy of the family caregiver (versus dependency from male breadwinner) Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

dominant type of family model in the population welfare states with high quality of social rights related to care work welfare states with medium quality of social rights related to care work* welfare states with low quality of social rights related to care work family models with relatively high appreciation of parental care Medium formal care work semi-formal care work Low Informal family care undeclared care work (Norway) High Semi-formal care work Medium: formal care work Informal family care undeclared care work (West Germany, Austria) Medium informal parental care undeclared care work formal care work Low semi-formal care work (Great Britain) family models with relatively low appreciation of parental care High formal care work Low to medium semi-formal care work Low undeclared care work Informal family care (Denmark, Finland, France) High formal care work Low to medium semi-formal care work Low undeclared care work Informal family care (East Germany) Medium to high Informal parental care extended family care Undeclared work Low (increase) formal care work semi-formal care work (Spain) Table 4: Main forms of care work in different care arrangements

4. conclusion development of care work  multi-dimensional process  different new forms in European societies.  blurring of the boundaries between formal and informal care work explanation of cross-national differences  differences regarding the quality of social rights in relation to care  differences in relation to importance given to parental care in the dominant cultural family models Prof. Dr. Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Chair on Social Structure Analyses, Institute for Sociology, University of Hamburg

end many thanks for your attention!