The ideal binder for MYCOTOXIN Sintocheck The ideal binder for MYCOTOXIN

During the time between harvesting and drying , and in storage DEFINITION Mycotoxins are metabolites of molds growing on feedstuffs (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillum).They are spread everywhere and are able to bring about poisoning in the animals that assume contaminated feed Many mycotoxins can contaminate crops before harvest under certain circumstances of humidity and temperature .  FIELD MYCOTOXINS During the time between harvesting and drying , and in storage  STOCK MYCOTOXINS

THE MAIN MYCOTOXINS ASPERGILLUS Flavus, Parasiticus AFLATOXINS (B1, B2, G1, G2) Ochraceus OCHRATOXIN FUSARIUM Graminearum, Moniliforme ZEARALENONE, FUMONISIN Sporotrichoides (DAS, T2,DON) PENICILLUM Cyclopium PENICILLIC ACID Citrinum CITRININ Rubrum RUBRATOXIN Viridicatum OCHRATOXIN

TOXIC EFFECT OF THE MYCOTOXINS Common is the presence of various mycotoxins, even though present in small amounts,they add their effects,determining a synergistic effect.. …. are more dangerous at low levels of different mycotoxins than high levels of single mycotoxin Mycotoxins are resistant to all technological treatments.

MYCOTOXIN LEGISLATION Directive 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances in animal feed (2006/02/24) 0,02 0,005 0,01 All feed materials Complete feedingstuffs for cattle,sheep and goats with the exception of: -complete feedingstuffs for dairy animals -complete feedingstuffs for calves and lambs Complete feedingstuffs for pigs and poultry (except young animals) Other complete feedingstuffs Complementary feedingstuffs for cattle, sheep and goats (except complementary feedingstuffs for dairy animals, calves and lambs) Complementary feedingstuffs for pigs and poultry (except young animals) Other complementary feedingstuffs AFLATOXIN B1 Maximum content in ppm relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % Products intended for animal feed Undesirable substance (with the new normative may not be mixed for dilution!!)

MYCOTOXIN LEGISLATION COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 17 August 2006 0,25 0,05 0,1 60 5 10 20 50 Feed materials -cereals and cereal products Complementary and complete feedingstuffs -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for pigs -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for poultry -maize and maize products Complementary and complete feedingstuffs for:: -pigs, horses , rabbits and pet animals -fish -poultry, calves (< 4 months), lambs and kids -adult ruminants (> 4 months) and minki OCHRATOXIN A Maximum content in ppm relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % Products intended for animal feed Undesirable substance FUMONISINE B1 + B2 FUMONISIN B1+B2

MYCOTOXIN LEGISLATION COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 17 August 2006 8 12 5 0,9 2 3 0,1 0,25 0,5 Feed materials -cereals and cereal products with the exception of maize by-products - maize by-products Complementary and complete feedingstuffs with the exception of: -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for pigs -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for calves (< 4 months), lambsand, kids Complementary and complete feedingstuffs -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for piglets and gilts (young sows) -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for sows and fattening pigs -complementary and complete feedingstuffs for calves, dairy cattle, sheep and goats DEOXYNIVALENOL Maximum content in ppm relative to a feedingstuff with a moisture content of 12 % Products intended for animal feed Undesirable substance ZEARALENONE

Intestinal haemorrhage EFFECTS ON SWINE Pulmunary Oedema a kidney trouble Swine nephropaty Vulvovaginitis Prolepsis Embryo mortality Oral Irritation Feed refusal vomiting Liver toxicosis Intestinal haemorrhage

TOXIC MYCOTOXINS ON SWINE 100 ppb 10000 ppb 200 ppb 500 ppb 50 ppb 1000 ppb 50000 ppb T2,DAS: 3000 ppb DON: 5000 ppb Estogenic syndrome, reproduction ZEARALENONE Pulmunary oedema FUMONISIN Protein metabolism, kidneys OCHRATOXIN A Feed refusal, mucous membrane damage(max mouth) TRICOTECENI (T2, DAS, DON) Liver AFLATOXIN MYCOTOXIN SYMPTOM TOXIC LIMIT ATTENTION LIMIT

EFFECTS ON SWINE 25-100 ppb of Zearalenone 500-1000 ppb of Fumonisina (less fertility) Less heat during 5 days after weaning More anaoestrus Less pigglets live births more abortion; litters less uniform Rectal and uterus prolapsis 500-1000 ppb of Fumonisina ( reproduction and respiratory problems) Increase incidence of :PRRS, APP; CRV Pulmunary oedema Unexpected death Less immune activity Increase of E.Coli in the intestinal tract

100-500 ppb Tricoteceni: A: T-2 e DAS; EFFECTS ON SWINE 100-500 ppb Tricoteceni: A: T-2 e DAS; B: DON ( digestion problems ) Anorexia Vomiting (12 ppm) Immunodepression Delayed growth Skin and mucous necrosis DAS: Deacetoxiscirpenolo; DON: Deossivalenolo 50- 1000 ppb AFLATOXIN (hepatic problem) Anorexia Unexpected death (1000 ppb) Hepatic damage (necrosy, icterus, lipidosy, hemorrages) Delayed growth Immunodepression

EFFECTS ON POULTRY kidneys mucous membrane Bood- vessels Sistema emopoietico ed organi linfoidi Bood- vessels kidneys Reproductive organ teratogenicità arti

TOXIC MYCOTOXINS ON POULTRY 2000 ppb 100000 ppb Reproduction,osseous system ZEARALENONE 10000 ppb 50000 ppb Nervous system FUMONISIN 100 ppb Protein synthesis, bigger kidneys, increased of fecal moisture OCHRATOXIN A 400 ppb 1000 ppb T2, DAS:2000 ppb DON: 10000 ppb Mouth, protein metabolism ionofor antibiotic TRICOTECENI (T2,Das, DON) 50 ppb Liver AFLATOXIN MYCOTOXIN SYMPTOM TOXIC LIMIT ATTENTION LIMIT

EFFECTS ON POULTRY Necrosis Immunodepression Less answer to vaccines Increase cost of therapy More mortality Less yield TOXIC LIMIT Aflatoxin: 1000 pbb T-2, DAS: 2000 ppb DON: 1000 ppm Ochratoxin A: 2000 ppb Necrosis

EFFECTS ON RUMINANTS Vulvovaginitis Gastro enteritis Prolepsis Embryo mortality Gastro enteritis Intestinal haemorrhage Immunodepression Cystic ovarian Feed refusal vomiting Milk contamination Decline in milk production Increase in somatic cells

EFFECTS ON RUMINANTS Legislative decree n° 149 of 10 May 2004 ZEARALENONE/DON Cistic ovarian Miscarriages More anaoestrus Less heat TRICOTECENI AND OTHER MYCOTOXIN Immunodepression Less ingestion Decline in milk production AFLATOXIN B1 AND M1:they are a problem for the health of the consumer Legislative decree n° 149 of 10 May 2004

POSSIBLE STRATEGIES IN ORDER TO PREVENT AND TO MANAGE THE MYCOTOXIN PROBLEMS 1 Establish an adequate quality control of feedstuffs 2 Use of mould inhibitor during storage 3 Use mycotoxins binder

They do not have effect on the mycotoxins produced on the field ANTIMOULD ADDITIVES They do not have to be considered the exclusive method of control Combinations of organic acids (propyonic, sorbic, benzoic and acetic) or salts of organic acids (calcium propionate and potasium sorbate) They must be distributed uniform on all the feed BUT ABOVE ALL They do not have effect on the mycotoxins produced on the field

ADDITIVES ADSORBENT MYCOTOXINS Sintocheck Natural Mycotoxin Binder Composition: Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) New concept: BY USING A WELL BALANCED,COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT HSCAS THAT ARE ACTIVED BY A HEAT DRYING PROCESS , WE WELL OBTAIN A SYNERGIC EFFECT,INCREASING THE CAPACITY AND SPECTRUM OF MYCOTOXIN BINDER.

WHY CLAYS ARE DIFFERENT? HOW TO COMPARE THEM? CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity (MEQ) < 19 MEQ is considered a saturation point,which makes the clay have a neutral charge,it's adsorption capacity is minimal >60 MEQ is considered a high CEC,which can interfere in the adsorption of nutrients,especially minerals. Sintocheck (mixture of illites and chlorites) 20-60 MEQ

WHY CLAYS ARE DIFFERENT? HOW TO COMPARE THEM? EXPANDABLE: Hight cation exchange,more than 60MEQ. Absorb water. Absorb nutrients. NON EXPANDABLE: Lower than 60 MEQ cation exchange capacity. Very small to almost no water absorption. Very little to no absorption of nutrients. Sintocheck is not expandable DIPOLAR – POLAR Dipolar clays have a wide spectrum of adsorption of mycotoxins. Polar clays (such as Bentionites) have a negative charge and can only adsorb mycotoxins with a strong positive charge Sintocheck is dipolar

WHY CLAYS ARE DIFFERENT? HOW TO COMPARE THEM? PORE SIZE AND SURFACE AREA Bentonite = Hight CEC = Smaller surface area = less binding sites Bentonite = Pore size of 1,5 to 1,8 A Illites and chlorites (silicates) = Smaller CEC = Larger surface activity = more binding sites. Illites and chlorites (silicates) = Larger pore size, in range of 2,5 A PARTICLE SIZE The size of particle is very critical: less than 300 mesh reduces the surface area - the best size is between 300 and 400 mesh -at 400 mesh or higher ,particles are too small and could represent hazardous problems to workes. Sintocheck has a particle size , which is the best for a superior adsorbent

WHY CLAYS ARE DIFFERENT? HOW TO COMPARE THEM? PH There is an interrelationship between the pH of the clay and where the binding is performed in the GI tract of the animal. Clays with an acid pH tend to work better in the large intestine. Clays with an alkaline pH perform their binding in the lower intestine. Many scientists and nutritionists believe it is better for a clay to work in the lower intestine. SINTOCHECK HAS A PH OF 7,8 TO 8, THEREFORE IT PERFORMS BINDING IN THE LOWER INTESTINE

WHY CLAYS ARE DIFFERENT? HOW TO COMPARE THEM? TEMPERATURE WHICH THE CLAYS ARE SUBMITTED TO DURING PROCESSING Temperature may have an effect on the cation exchange due to solubility and temperature reationship. Many clays are extracted from the ground ,then ground into finer particles with no heat being applied for drying. Drying clays at normal temperatures of 200 to 300 F°(95-150°C) can make the clay more active and have a better cation interchange. If excess temperature is used in drying,for example,900 F°(480°C),the components crystallize or fragment,rendering the clay ineffective as a single component or as a unit for mycotoxin adsorbtion. SINTOCHECK is dried at temperature of 100 and 105 °C which is the range of temperature which can make the clay more active and have better cationic exchange,therefore a must better binder.

SINTOCHECK It is different because… Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) natural Big binding capacity and large spectrum of mycotoxin binder Irriversible bond with mycotoxins The small particle size allows an optimal homogenization with the other feed ingredients contributing to solve also the problems of fluidity and caking.

BINDING CAPACITY OF SINTOCHECK SINTOCHECK is tested using 5ppm mycotoxin at inclusion level of 2,5 Kg/TON 99% Aflatoxin M1 97% Citrinin 95% Aflatoxin B1 94% T2 84% Vomitoxin 84% Don 72% Fumonisin B1 72% Ochratoxin A 43% Zearalenone M1 CIT B1 T2 VOM DO F.B1 0CR ZEA

A CONCEPT OF HOW SINTOCHECK WORKS MAGNETIC ATTRACTION: A difference in electrical charge between Sintocheck and mycotoxins. Sintocheck works like a magnet mycotoxin 2. PARTICLE SIZE: The particle size of Sintocheck provides a larger surface area that maximizes the binding of mycotoxins. Sintocheck OTHER PRODUCT MYCOTOXIN MYCOTOXIN

A CONCEPT OF HOW SINTOCHECK WORKS 3.PORE VOLUME: SINTOCHECKhas an ideal pore volume to bind a large percentage of mycotoxins. Using SINTOCHECK is like having a number of magnets in one. SINTOCHECK with bound mycotoxins MICOTOXIN MICRO-BOND MICOTOXIN MICOTOXIN BINDING MYCOTOXINS CAUSES A LARGER COMBINED PARTICLE OR MOLECULAR SIZE WHICH IS NOT ADSORBED BY THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. IT IS PASSED IN THE FECES,CAUSING NO HARM TO THE ANIMAL'S PERFORMANCE.

SINTOCHECK Dosage: 2,5 Kg/ton SINTOCHECK does not affect,nor is affected by other ingredients such as: antibiotics/medicinal riboflavin vitamin A- zinc - manganese phosphorus Dosage: 2,5 Kg/ton

SINTOCHECK Pigs, poultry,fishes, horses, pets Ruminants 1,0-1,5 Kg Prevention of risk 2,0-2,5 Kg Presence of mycotoxin 1,5-2,0 Kg Sospect of mycotoxin Per ton of feed Pigs, poultry,fishes, horses, pets 50 g/head /da beef cattle 60 g/head /day dairy cows Ruminants