1 ENGLISH – LEVEL VI Week 13 – Lesson 2 2 1

2 Prepositions Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions if necessary: The chart shows fluctuations in the price of crude oil over a thirty five year period, and clearly illustrates how oil prices are affected by world events. In general there has been an upward trend in the price of crude oil [1]…… , when it was only$1.30 per barrel. The oil embargo of the early 1970s, however, caused the price to rise sharply [2]…….. nearly $11 per barrel. The crisis ended soon afterwards, but the price remained [3]…….. around $11 to $13 per barrel until The Iranian revolution of that year had a huge impact on oil prices, which shot up [4]…….. $17 to reach [5]…….. about $30 per barrel in the same year. The following Iran-Iraq war caused a further increase, and the price reached [6]…….. a peak [7]…….. nearly $36 in From that point until 1985, the price fell steadily. However, from 1985 to 1986 the price suddenly plunged [8]…….. $13. For the next few years the price fluctuated [9]…….. $14, but with the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 there was a sudden rise [10]…….. $5. The price quickly fell again and remained stable for most of the 1990s. Things changed once again at the end of the decade, and from 1999 to 2000 the price increased [11]…….. almost $10 per barrel. Despite a slight drop in 2000, the rise continued and by the end of the period, the price of crude oil had shot up [12]…….. a peak of $50 per barrel.

3 Prepositions KEY: The chart shows fluctuations in the price of crude oil over a thirty five year period, and clearly illustrates how oil prices are affected by world events. In general there has been an upward trend in the price of crude oil [1] since 1970, when it was only$1.30 per barrel. The oil embargo of the early 1970s, however, caused the price to rise sharply [2] to nearly $11 per barrel. The crisis ended soon afterwards, but the price remained [3] at around $11 to $13 per barrel until The Iranian revolution of that year had a huge impact on oil prices, which shot up [4] by $17 to reach [5] – about $30 per barrel in the same year. The following Iran-Iraq war caused a further increase, and the price reached [6] – a peak [7] of nearly $36 in From that point until 1985, the price fell steadily. However, from 1985 to 1986 the price suddenly plunged [8] to $13. For the next few years the price fluctuated [9] around $14, but with the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 there was a sudden rise [10] of $5. The price quickly fell again and remained stable for most of the 1990s. Things changed once again at the end of the decade, and from 1999 to 2000 the price increased [11] to almost $10 per barrel. Despite a slight drop in 2000, the rise continued and by the end of the period, the price of crude oil had shot up [12] around a peak of $50 per barrel.

4 Future forms – revision

5 KEY: A: 1. ‘ll take 2. are you going to call 3. are going to offer 4. ‘ll send 5. is going to learn B: 1. arrives 2. ‘re staying 3. begins 4. am travelling 5. departs 6. are seeing

6 Future forms – revision C Complete the sentences using one of the future forms: 1) The train __________ at 11:45. (to leave) 2) We __________ dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. (to have) 3) It __________ in the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow) 4) On Sunday at 8 o'clock I __________ my friend. (to meet) 5) They __________ to London on Friday evening. (to fly) 6) Wait! I __________ you to the station. (to drive) 7) The English lesson __________ at 8:45. (to start) 8) I __________ my sister in April. (to see) 9) Look at the clouds - it __________ in a few minutes. (to rain) 10) Listen! There's someone at the door. I __________ the door for you. (to open) 11) I ______________ you the money back next week. (to give) 12) They _____________ the day off on the 7th. (to take) 13) When you _____________ the report, put it on my desk. (to finish) 14) If I _______________ Michael, I ____________him the message. (to see, to give) 15) I ___________ Christmas in the Bahamas. The plane _____________ on the 20th. (to spend, to leave) 16) Our costs were too high last year. This year, we __________ our costs. (to reduce) 17) We ______________ this report by 10 pm. (to finish) 18) This company _________________ with our company by September. (to merge) 19) I _______________ my colleagues at (to meet) 20) The prices _________________ by next year. (to double)

7 Future forms – revision KEY: 1) The train leaves at 11:45. (to leave) 2) We are going to have/are having dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. (to have) 3) It ’s going snow tin the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow) 4) On Sunday at 8 o'clock I ’m meeting my friend. (to meet) 5) They are flying to London on Friday evening. (to fly) 6) Wait! I ’ll drive you to the station. (to drive) 7) The English lesson starts at 8:45. (to start) 8) I ’m going to see my sister in April. (to see) 9) Look at the clouds – it ’s going to rain in a few minutes. (to rain) 10) Listen! There's someone at the door. I ’ll open the door for you. (to open) 11) I’ ll give you the money back next week. (to give) 12) They are taking/are going to take the day off on the 7th. (to take) 13) When you finish the report, put it on my desk. (to finish) 14) If I see Michael, I ’ll give him the message. (to see, to give) 15) I ’m spending Christmas in the Bahamas. The plane leaves on the 20th. (to spend, to leave) 16) Our costs were too high last year. This year, we are going to reduce our costs. (to reduce) 17) We will have finished this report by 10 pm. (to finish) 18) This company will have merged with our company by September. (to merge) 19) I ’m meeting my colleagues at (to meet) 20) The prices will have doubled by next year. (to double)

8 Pie charts – review Complete the gaps: almost account for in conclusionthird describes The graph ________________ the reasons for moving house. Overall, people move for personal reasons. More than one ________________ (34%) move due to divorce or marriage. The second reason is to look for a bigger or smaller house. ________________ 20% of people moved for this reason. The other reasons for moves are job-related (12%) and to move to a better area (9%). Finally, other reasons ________________ 26% of moves. ________________, people move for a variety of reasons, but bigger houses and personal reasons are the main ones.

9 Pie charts – review KEY: The graph describes the reasons for moving house. Overall, people move for personal reasons. More than one third (34%) move due to divorce or marriage. The second reason is to look for a bigger or smaller house. Almost 20% of people moved for this reason. The other reasons for moves are job-related (12%) and to move to a better area (9%). Finally, other reasons account for 26% of moves. In conclusion, people move for a variety of reasons, but bigger houses and personal reasons are the main ones.

10 Pie charts – review finally by far figures less than three quarters quarters as can be seen The pie-chart gives information on the world population _______________ in Overall, almost __________________ of the world’s population live in Asia and Africa. Asia is _______________ the biggest region, with 3721 million people. The second largest area is Africa, with 813 million, _______________ a quarter of Asia’s population. Europe has three _______________ of a billion people. Together, Latin America and North America have about 840 million. _______________, Australia and New Zealand have less than 31 million. _______________, the greatest concentration of the world’s population is in Asia, with Africa far behind.

11 Pie charts – review KEY: The pie-chart gives information on the world population figures in Overall, almost three quarters of the world’s population live in Asia and Africa. Asia is by far the biggest region, with 3721 million people. The second largest area is Africa, with 813 million, less than a quarter of Asia’s population. Europe has three quarters of a billion people. Together, Latin America and North America have about 840 million. Finally, Australia and New Zealand have less than 31 million. As can be seen, the greatest concentration of the world’s population is in Asia, with Africa far behind..

12 Pie charts – review followed expenditure over ranged accounted for highest total bottom This pie chart tells us about how Americans spend their money. The total _________________ is $1.2 trillion, divided into eleven categories. The _________________ percentage is spent on food, drink and tobacco: 23 cents in every dollar. Housing and household operations _________________ 15 cents each, _________________ by transportation with 13 cents. Medical care, clothing and jewellery, and recreation _________________ from 9 to 7 cents. 5% of the _________________ was spent on personal business while only 2% was spent on private education and research. At the _________________ end were personal care, foreign travel and religious and welfare activities. All three took just 1% each of the total spent. This chart shows us that _________________ half of the money spent by Americans was in consumer durables such as food and drink, and homes and house maintenance.

13 Pie charts – review KEY: This pie chart tells us about how Americans spend their money. The total expenditure is $1.2 trillion, divided into eleven categories. The highest percentage is spent on food, drink and tobacco: 23 cents in every dollar. Housing and household operations accounted for 15 cents each, followed by transportation with 13 cents. Medical care, clothing and jewellery, and recreation ranged from 9 to 7 cents. 5% of the total was spent on personal business while only 2% was spent on private education and research. At the bottom end were personal care, foreign travel and religious and welfare activities. All three took just 1% each of the total spent. This chart shows us that over half of the money spent by Americans was in consumer durables such as food and drink, and homes and house maintenance.

14 Pie charts – review s hows overall slice about as much less than total account for The graph ____________ the chief uses of the apple crop in the US. ____________, the bulk of the harvest is either eaten fresh or made into juice. The biggest ____________ of the pie-chart is taken up by fresh fruit. ____________ 60% of the crop is eaten fresh. This is three times ____________ as the next use, which is for juice. ____________ 20% of apples in the US are turned into apple juice. A further 12% is canned, and a ____________ of 5% is either frozen or dried. Other remaining uses, such as apple vinegar, ____________ just 5% of the crop. It’s clear that although a small amount of apples are processed into frozen, dried or canned products, the great bulk of the crop is sold straight from the tree.

15 Pie charts – review KEY: The graph shows the chief uses of the apple crop in the US. Overall, the bulk of the harvest is either eaten fresh or made into juice. The biggest slice of the pie-chart is taken up by fresh fruit. About 60% of the crop is eaten fresh. This is three times as much as the next use, which is for juice. Less than 20% of apples in the US are turned into apple juice. A further 12% is canned, and a total of 5% is either frozen or dried. Other remaining uses, such as apple vinegar, account for just 5% of the crop. It’s clear that although a small amount of apples are processed into frozen, dried or canned products, the great bulk of the crop is sold straight from the tree.

16 Describing graphs – review significantly slight increase sharp increase peak decline drop quickly rises fluctuation The graph shows the _______________ in the number of people at a London underground station over the course of a day. The busiest time of the day is in the morning. There is a _______________ between 06:00 and 08:00, with 400 people using the station at 8 o'clock. After this the numbers _______________ to less than 200 at 10 o'clock. Between 11 am and 3 pm the number _______________, with a plateau of just under 300 people using the station. In the afternoon, numbers _______________, with less than 100 using the station at 4 pm. There is then a rapid rise to a _______________ of 380 at 6pm. After 7 pm, numbers fall _______________, with only a _______________ again at 8pm, tailing off after 9 pm. Overall, the graph shows that the station is most crowded in the early morning and early evening

17 Describing graphs – review KEY: The graph shows the fluctuation in the number of people at a London underground station over the course of a day. The busiest time of the day is in the morning. There is a sharp increase between 06:00 and 08:00, with 400 people using the station at 8 o'clock. After this the numbers drop quickly to less than 200 at 10 o'clock. Between 11 am and 3 pm the number rises, with a plateau of just under 300 people using the station. In the afternoon, numbers decline, with less than 100 using the station at 4 pm. There is then a rapid rise to a peak of 380 at 6pm. After 7 pm, numbers fall significantly, with only a slight increase again at 8pm, tailing off after 9 pm. Overall, the graph shows that the station is most crowded in the early morning and early evening periods.

18 Describing graphs – review a drop rising sharply recovered sudden increase reaching an annual low almost doubled back to declined steadily remained steady slumping consistently estimated The line graph shows ________________ sales of gold in Dubai for 12 months in 2002 in millions of dirhams. There were two main seasons for gold sales. The main season for sales is in the December to May period. Sales were ________________ above 200 million dirhams per month, ________________ to a peak of 350 million dirhams in March. However, for the next four months, sales ________________, ________________ of 120 million dirhams in July. In August, there was a ________________. Sales ________________, rising from 120 million dirhams in July to 210 million dirhams in August. This was followed by ________________ in September, ________________ the July figure. From September to October, sales ________________, from 120 to 180 million. In October and November, sales ________________, and there was a small increase in December to 190 million dirhams. In conclusion, the main sales period is in the early part of the year, ________________ in the summer, except for a sudden increase in August.

19 Describing graphs – review KEY: The line graph shows estimated sales of gold in Dubai for 12 months in 2002 in millions of dirhams. There were two main seasons for gold sales. The main season for sales is in the December to May period. Sales were consistently above 200 million dirhams per month, rising sharply to a peak of 350 million dirhams in March. However, for the next four months, sales declined steadily, reaching an annual low of 120 million dirhams in July. In August, there was a sudden increase. Sales almost doubled, rising from 120 million dirhams in July to 210 million dirhams in August. This was followed by a drop in September, back to the July figure. From September to October, sales recovered, from 120 to 180 million. In October and November, sales remained steady, and there was a small increase in December to 190 million dirhams. In conclusion, the main sales period is in the early part of the year, slumping in the summer, except for a sudden increase in August.