Accelerating the Adoption of Electric Vehicles: Arctic EV Technology Showcase Dr. W.A. (Bill) Adams Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative (RESTCo)

In 2013, we are living in the beginning of the renaissance of the electric powered road vehicle. Exciting times! But it’s a long road ahead. Plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles make up less than 0.5% of new vehicle sales in Canada and the U.S., and are still an oddity on our roads, at less than 0.002% of the existing road fleet (cars and light trucks). Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 2

There are real barriers to acceptance of EVs. 1) Initial purchase cost 2) High perceived financial risk by consumer 3) Range anxiety 4) Lack of service centres 5) Perceived high cost of operation These are being addressed now. Barriers to Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 3

While selling 10s of thousands of plug-in vehicles a year in Canada and the U.S. is a huge step forward from just 4 years ago when we were selling dozens, clearly there is still a high degree of reluctance by car purchasers. Barriers to Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 4

Some real barriers do remain. If you want to buy an EV in Ottawa today, local Nissan dealers have a Leaf you can test drive. Other than that, you have a real challenge finding an EV to try out. Barriers to Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 5

However, the real barrier remaining for widespread EV adoption is mythology. EVs don’t work in the cold. EVs don’t go far enough on a charge. EVs actually increase air pollution. EVs will crash the electrical grid. EVs will fill the landfills with batteries. EVs won’t work in real-world conditions. And so on (and on and on) Barriers to Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 6

Enough! We know EVs work in the cold, and in the ‘real world’ and do it well. This paper’s authors were both driving EVs regularly in Ottawa winters in the 1980s. It’s time to explode the myths in a dramatic way, demonstrating EV advantages by showcasing them at work at the Arctic Circle. Barriers to Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 7

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 8 Pang is a hamlet of about 1,300 permanent residents, situated in a fjord on Cumberland Sound, on the east coast of Baffin Island, about 40 km from the Arctic Circle.

Welcome to Pangnirtung, Nunavut Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 9

A winter view Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 10

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 11 Average annual temperature: - 8 degrees Celsius In Jan. and Feb., the average low: - 30 degrees Overnight lows approaching - 40 degrees are expected several days per year. That does not include the windchill. In Pang, winds over 100 km/h are sufficiently frequent that the houses are cabled to the ground. On November 27, 2010, wind speeds over 130 km/h were recorded at the Pangnirtung airport.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 12 This is why buildings in pang are tied down to the ground. Pangnirtung can have extremely high winds.

Kite Skiing Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 13

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 14 Wind turbines at Kotzebue, Alaska Average wind speeds in Pang are about 4 m/s (25 km/h), and blow from the west about 27% of the time.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 15 For about one month a year, the sun does not set. There is continuous daylight from April to mid-August. There is amazing potential for harnessing of solar power – thermal for space and water heating – and photovolatic for electricity production through 9-10 months of the year. Micro co-generation would make a good complement.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 16 Today, all electricity is currently produced using diesel generators (Qulliq Energy, Nunavut Power). All fossil fuels – diesel, heating oil, gasoline – are delivered by ship during a short window in the summer, when the fjord is ice free and the passage is relatively free from storms. The storm season is growing longer, so climate change is not really extending the annual sealift window.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 17 As the hamlet is located in a fjord between land mass rises, air can be trapped in the fjord during an inversion. Air quality suffers. The longest road in Pang is about 5 km long. There is a total of 15 km of roadway in total, none of it paved. Pangnirtung’s potholes are the stuff of legend.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 18 There is no piped water supply or sewage system, as you cannot economically dig into the rock and permafrost, and even if you did, the pipes would freeze – no ‘frostline’ as we have in the temperate south. Therefore, drinking water is delivered by truck a couple of times a week, and waste-water is trucked away. About 15 trucks are in regular use for these 2 services. They travel tens of kms a day.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 19 Water Delivery in Pangnirtung

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 20 A larger version could deliver for Pang

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 21 The main local industry is turbot fishing, using diesel and gasoline power boats. Tides at Pang are typically about 5 metres (over 16 feet). So there is potential for tidal energy to be used to generate power when the fjord is not frozen.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 22 Boats in Pangnirtung harbour – low tide

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 23 Boats in Pangnirtung harbour – high tide

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 24 Local transportation consists of trucks, some cars, but lots of ATVs, snowmobiles and boats. In the cold season, internal combustion engines are left running continuously (creating clouds of exhaust fumes), or block heaters and battery blankets are plugged in to ensure they will start. Outdoor electrical outlets are ubiquitous to support vehicle block heaters and battery warmers.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 25 Boats in Pangnirtung off-season storage

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 26 Electric boats exist today The 2,200 hp Mercedes AMG electric cigarette boat concept vessel, capable of 160 km/h

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 27 Electric boats exist today Want something a bit less flashy, more industrial? Perhaps ABB 3.5 MW azipod electric drives for icebreakers to break metre-thick ice.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 28 Electric boats exist today Perhaps something in-between would be more practical.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 29 ATVs in Pangnirtung

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 30 Polaris Ranger EV Electric ATV (2014 model)

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 31 Epic AMP Electric ATV (2014 model)

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 32 Snowmobiles in the Canadian Arctic Some older residents are returning to the dog sled as a less expensive, less noisy and safer means of transportation

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 33

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 34 Electric Snowmobiles

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 35 Why EVs for a remote northern community? Climate change is affecting the Arctic more rapidly than anywhere else on the planet – the residents are more inclined to take action to protect their way of life than in other areas Their traditional food sources are threatened, and elders recognize that their traditional knowledge for forecasting weather is no longer effective

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 36 Why EVs for a remote northern community? All fossil fuels have to be shipped in, and shipping has a short, defined season Even electricity is produced from diesel today ($0.38 to $0.47 per kWh) Fossil fuel prices are rising – currently about $3/litre landed and delivered cost Fossil fuels are not sustainable Soot is recognized as speeding the Arctic ice melt (albedo effect)

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 37 Why EVs for a remote northern community? GHG emissions reductions This community wants to reduce their fossil fuel dependency Local energy resources can be used for electrical generation (tidal, ocean current, wind, solar) to displace diesel generation Reduced noise levels Reduced air and water pollution

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 38 Why EVs for a remote northern community? EVs will start and run in cold weather (winter charging electrical energy may be less than ‘ready-to-start’ electricity use) Energy required to replace 10 km of daily travel for personal electric vehicle – 2 kWh (10 km / 5 km/kWh = 2 kWh = $0.80) Energy required to power block heater (22 hours x 500 watts = 11 kWh = $4.40) Up to 80% electricity reduction, does not include the vehicle fossil fuel saving

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 39 Why EVs for a remote northern community? Battery thermal management will be required Quiet operation is seen as an advantage Outdoor outlets (for engine heaters) are already installed and common and sufficient for most EV charging given short distances EVs don’t have to run at idle to remain operational in the cold Air quality at ‘lung-level’ will be improved EVs can provide emergency electrical supply to buildings

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 40 Why EVs for a remote northern community? EVs can provide support for utility load levelling and storage for renewable energy generation The central generation facility is old Distances to be travelled are relatively short – no ‘range anxiety’ Reduced fossil fuel demand and use reduces potential for oil product spills in the harbour and in the community, or affecting the turbot fishery

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 41 Why EVs for a remote northern community? Local residents are resourceful and successful They build and maintain buildings, roads, boats, generators, engines, heavy equipment, computers, electronics … with training and basic support and spare parts, they can maintain EVs If an EV can succeed at the Arctic Circle, they can succeed pretty much anywhere on the planet – they have already operated successfully on the moon

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 42 RESTCo and Pang RESTCo is collaborating with Pang today to help the hamlet reduce its dependency on fossil fuels, focusing on: Energy efficient housing Substituting renewables for electricity generation, and Electric drive transportation We hope to set an example for other remote communities for the future

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 43 RESTCo and Pang RESTCo is collaborating with Carleton University and Moose Factory Cabins to design a truly efficient and healthy house model for Arctic communities. A design session with the community in Pang this winter will guide the layout. We expect to deliver the first house to Pang in the summer of 2014 sealift.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 44 RESTCo and Pang Part of the project is to integrate the house energy production (PV, wind) to charge an EV, assist with utility load levelling and provide backup power to the house.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 45 RESTCo and Pang We anticipate using a pilot smart micro-grid to help manage the electricity flows to help reduce diesel use. We talk about this sort of project in the south, but it will actually be easier to implement on a remote, small grid than on the complex continental grid.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 46 RESTCo and Pang

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 47 RESTCo and Pang We are in discussions now with an EV OEM to work on battery thermal management and put a vehicle (or 2) in Pang in 2014 for municipal service. Assuming they see early success, we anticipate more to follow.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 48 RESTCo and Pang We are in discussions now with the developers of the original Samak prototype snowmobiles – developed with input from the Inuit in the 1980s, with a view to developing an updated, electric-hybrid version, appropriate for Arctic conditions.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 49 RESTCo and Pang One of RESTCo’s associated companies is a boat-builder based in Atlantic Canada. Due to concerns about oil pollution in water, they are increasingly interested in developing electric drive capacity in their work vessels, and we will continue to work with them.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 50 RESTCo and Pang We have an engaged community and we know EV technology works in the cold. RESTCo has the necessary expertise. The challenges will be in moving knowledge and support capacity into the community, and gaining general acceptance of a new, ‘southern’ technology.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 51 RESTCo and Pang We will be documenting changes and progress on all fronts. We recognize that it will take years for the real impacts to be realized, but early results will reinforce success and progress. We expect to have a university student living in Pang next summer to facilitate implementation.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 52 RESTCo and Pang We will be addressing the anti-EV mythology with experience and data as this is more easily demonstrated in a small, remote community, and because the Arctic Circle is instantly recognized as a hostile operating environment.

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 53 RESTCo and Pang We will be able to show that EVs work in the cold, on water, ice, land and snow don’t send batteries to landfill improve air quality have adequate range for real-life use will support the grid (not crash it) reduce life-cycle costs and more

Dr. W.A. Adams and Darryl McMahon Remote Energy Security Technologies Collaborative Slide 54 Questions? Web: RESTCo.ca