“Garbage to Gas” Team Bravo Mentor Eleftherios Avtzis David Garcia Bryan Isles Zack Labaschin Alena Nguyen Mentor Dan Rusinak Che 397 - Team Bravo

Municipal Solid Waste EPA 2008 report on MSW generation Approximately 250 million tons of MSW generated by Americans in 2008 ~33.2% is recycled and composited (83 million tons) Approximately 4.5 pounds of MSW generated per person per day 1.5 pounds of the 4.5 is recycled and composited. Che 397 - Team Bravo

Municipal Solid Waste Che 397 - Team Bravo

Why MSW? Renewable Energy Source Helps the Environment (CH4 emissions) Cost effective Transportation Reduction Located near cities and existing infrastructure Che 397 - Team Bravo

Disadvantages of MSW Preparation of feedstock A lower heating value than conventional feedstocks Higher Ash content than conventional feedstocks Che 397 - Team Bravo

Design Basis Commercial Scale Production 2500 metric tonnes per day MSW  1800 metric tonnes per day Syngas Landfill choice Location Proximity to City Water Sources Size and expansion

Design Basis River Bend Prairie Landfill 88 Acres 20 Acres of expansion Access to MSW of Chicago Rail and River access Residential Limited Expansion

Design Basis Newton County Landfill 265 Acres Room for expansion Access to MSW of South Chicago Transportation No river access

Design Basis Environmental Review Positives Removal of MSW from local landfill (75% of 2500 metric tonnes per day low end value enter gasification processing) Gasification by-products are captured and properly stored (no venting into atmospheres) Negatives 400 million lbs of hazardous waste per year (mostly ash) 100,000 lbs will need relocation (cannot be further utilized)

Design Basis Industrial Standard Review Clean Syngas produced in 2.05 ratio H2/CO for use by chemical production Clear Statement of Feedstock MSW from landfills Return to landfill includes: glass, appliances, paints or oils Metal will be recycled

BFD Che 397 - Team Bravo

MSW to RDF MSW – municipal solid waste in Sorting – removal of recycle metals and other rejects Screening procedures Shredding and drying RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel out

Gasification Reactions C is a carbon containing compound C + ½ O2  CO :: - 111 MJ/kmol Char reacts with CO2 and steam C + H2O  CO + H2 :: + 131 MJ/kmol CO + ½ O2  CO2 :: - 238 MJ/kmol H2 + ½ O2  H2O :: - 242 MJ/kmol Che 397 - Team Bravo

Water-Gas Shift Reaction CO + H2O  CO2 + H2 :: - 41 MJ/kmol Slightly exothermic Required to achieve syngas ratio of 2.05 Great opportunity for heat recovery Che 397 - Team Bravo

TBE Gasification Process

Disadvantages of Other Processes High pressure/Energy intensive Lower quality raw syngas Air or oxygen requirements Poor scale up Unproven technology

Advantages of TBE Process Low pressure Relatively low temperature Efficient ash removal Indirect gasification Residence time less than one second

References Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 1: Availability of Feedstock and Technology (PNNL-18144) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 2: A Techno-economic Evaluation of the Production of Mixed Alcohols (PNNL-18482) www.taylorbiomassenergy.com - TBE www.rentechinc.com - Rentech Municipal Solid waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008 – EPA Higman, Christopher and van der Burgt, Maarten. Gasification 2nd Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing. Oxford, 2008.