CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Gonzalo R. Rada, Ph.D., P.E. Fugro Consultants, Inc. Pablo E. Bolzan Consultant, SIP Pablo E. Luchetti. Siproma Argentina, S.A Framework for HMA Airfield Pavement Performance-Based Specifications

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Major Investment & Infrastructure Component Aircraft take-offs and landings Aircraft movements to/from runways to terminal areas

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 What is a Pavement? Engineering structure constructed on subgrade soil that is intended to carry loads from one point to another in as smooth and safe a manner a possible –Structural requirement: carry loads –Comfort requirement: smoothness –Safety requirement: good traction and FOD potential

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Pavement Design & Build Process Pavement Design –FAA nomographs (empirical) –FAARFIELD software (mechanistic-empirical) Detailed Drawings and Construction Specifications Construction and QC/QA As-designed vs. As-Constructed

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Construction Specifications Intended to control pavement construction to facilitate production & placement of materials meeting minimum level of performance Most require measure of material characteristics at time of construction believed to influence pavement performance Performance-based require that predicted performance characteristics like pavement distress or roughness meet certain acceptance criteria

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 PBS Basic Concept

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Key PBS Elements Aircraft Operational Performance Characteristics (OPCs) –Measurements of pavement performance from user perspective Pavement Performance Characteristics (PPCs) Acceptance Quality Characteristics (AQCs)

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Example: Braking Capability OPC Ability of aircraft to safely reduce speed & come to complete stop Pavement factors affecting OPC: –Pavement surface texture (friction) Micro-texture – friction at low speeds Macro-texture – friction at high speeds –Drainage (hydroplaning) Ability of water to flow away from pavement surface

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Summary of Interviews Contact Type Number Contacted Number Responding Aircraft Manufacturer 42 Airport Operators (Small Airports) 104 Airport Operators (Large Airports) 104 Military Airport Operators 51 Consultants 158 Government Agents 117 Contractors 20 Totals:5726

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 No. of Interviews Identifying OPCs OPCsRunwayTaxiwaysAprons Braking – Surface Friction 1974 Braking – Hydroplaning1562 Dynamic Effects – Aircraft Damage 1662 Dynamic Effects – Pilot Control 1662 Dynamic Effects – Passenger Comfort 383 Load Carrying Capability – Dynamic 111 Load Carrying Capability – Static 008 Directional Control583 FOD Potential13128 Traffic Disruptions522 Appearance011

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Final OPC Priorities Aircraft Operation Performance Characteristics All Aircraft/Airports RunwayTaxiwayApron Directional Control Foreign Object Damage (FOD) Potential Dynamic Effects – Pilot Control Dynamic Effects – Aircraft Damage Braking Capability – Surface Friction Braking Capability – Hydroplaning Traffic Flow Disruptions Load Carrying Capability – Static

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Key Elements Aircraft Operational Performance Characteristics (OPCs) Pavement Performance Characteristics (PPCs) –Performance characteristics measured during life of pavement related to OPCs Acceptance Quality Characteristics (AQCs)

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Examples of HMA PPCs Permanent deformation –Rutting, shoving, swelling, static indentations & roughness Cracking –Linear, block, fatigue, reflection Raveling & weathering Surface friction Jet blast erosion Oil spillage

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Example: PPC-OPC Relation for Braking Surface friction Bleeding Polished aggregates Hydroplaning Rutting Shoving Swelling

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 PPCs Affecting OPCs Aircraft Op. Performance Characteristic (OPC) Pavement Performance Characteristics (PPCs) Pavement Requirement Affected Braking Capability – Surface Friction and Hydroplaning Surface friction, rutting, shoving and swelling Safety Directional ControlSurface friction, rutting, shoving, potholes and roughness Safety Dynamic Effects – Aircraft Damage RoughnessSafety Dynamic Effects – Pilot ControlRoughnessComfort Foreign Object Damage (FOD) Potential Cracking, raveling and weathering, shoving, jet blast erosion and oil spillage Safety Static Load Carrying CapabilityStatic indentationStructural Integrity Traffic Flow DisruptionsAllStructural Integrity

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Key Elements Aircraft Operational Performance Characteristics (OPCs) Pavement Performance Characteristics (PPCs) Acceptance Quality Characteristics (AQCs) –Properties measured at time of construction that relate to PPCs

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Examples of HMA AQCs Mix design parameters –% air voids, asphalt content, compaction / density of mix Aggregate characteristics –Fractured faces, aggregate angularity, gradation Stress-strain relationships –Dynamic modulus, creep compliance, fatigue relationships

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Example: AQC-PPC Relation for Surface Friction

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Performance Prediction Models

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Need for Database Database Performance Predictions

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Summary & Conclusions PBS require that predicted performance characteristics like distress & roughness meet acceptance criteria PBS framework consists of 3 key elements: OPCs, PPCs & AQCs Challenges: performance predictive methodology, which requires DB

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Climate Load Materials Structure Response Distress Pavement Performance Factors

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 New pavement opened to traffic…

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 …over time it deteriorates… Age or Traffic Min. Acceptable Rating Pavement Condition …until “failure” is reached and rehabilitation is needed

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 AAPTP Study 1.Literature review –Airports and highway pavements 2.Interviews –Airport operators, aircraft manufacturers & pavement experts 3.Identification of Aircraft OPCs 4.Identification of PPCs 5.Identification of AQCs AAPTP Project Interim Report

CONINFRA º TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONFERENCE São Paulo – July 29th – 31th, 2009 Interview Breakdown Type of ContactAgency Type