The Great Hunger of 2008 Rioting in response to soaring food prices recently has broken out in Egypt, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Senegal and Ethiopia. In.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Applications of sustainability on the farm. Examples of sustainable practices on the farm: Practices which protect and improve soils, conserve, recycle.
Advertisements

Agriculture. Arable Land  There is a decline in the amount of arable land.
Conventional/Intensive Tillage Reduced/ Minimum Tillage Conservation Tillage: No-Till, Strip-Till, Ridge- Till, Mulch-Till.
Cover Crops and Biofuels Implications for Soil Characteristics and Plant Development Deanna Boardman October 21, 2009.
Balancing Biomass for Bioenergy and Conserving the Soil Resource Jane Johnson USDA-ARS- North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory.
Chapter 15/14 Soil Resources. Soil  Uppermost layer of Earth’s crust that supports plants, animals and microbes  Soil Forming Factors  Parent Material.
Soil Erosion, Nutrient and Pesticide Reduction Bob Broz - Extension Water Quality Specialist 205 Ag Engineering
Chapter 11 Feeding the World.
Laura Krouse Abbe Hills Farm Mt. Vernon
The Value of Native Ecosystems
Crop Production Sustainable Small Acreage Farming & Ranching Crop Management.
EFFECT OF TILLAGE ON PLANT GROWTH MUHAMMAD SARFARAZ 2008-ag-1574.
When the Cupboard Is Bare BRONX BOUNTY City Harvest, which collects surplus food from restaurants and grocers, runs a twice-monthly farmers’ market in.
Measuring Soil Physical Properties to Assess Soil Quality Charles W. Raczkowski North Carolina A&T State University Presented at the Soil Quality Workshop.
Soil and water resources  Certified farms are actively involved in long-term conservation of soil and water resources.
Agricultural Best Management Practices For Protecting Water Quality Recommended by Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission and approved by the EPD.
Crops and Soil Chapter 15 Section Two
Crops and Soil.
PH near neutral Optimal nutrient levels No harmful chemicals, Low levels of salts Good tilth Surface structure porous and stable No subsoil layers restricting.
Organic Matter The key to healthy soils Fred Magdoff
Soil and Its Uses Chapter 13.
Prepared by: L. Robert Barber, & Ilene Iriarte For:
Soil Structure and Fertility. What is Soil Naturally occurring, loose material at the surface of the Earth Supports plant and animal life Composed of:
2014 Envirothon Sustainable agriculture systems and organic farming Northeast Organic Farming Association of New Jersey | 334 River Rd, Hillsborough, NJ.
STUBBLE AND CROP RESIDUE AS A MULCH OUTLINE  What are stubbles and crop residues?  History  Crop residues as a mulch  Stubbles as a mulch  Mechanized.
Soil Respiration Unit: Soil Science. Objectives O Define: soil respiration and soil microbes O Explain the role of soil respiration in determining soil.
Bellringer EXPLAIN IN COMPLETE SENTENCES WHAT ARE ORGANIC FARMING METHODS.
Comparing Conventional Tillage and No Till
Soil and the Characteristics Important for Plant Growth Sustainable Small Acreage Farming and Ranching Slides adapted from the Living on the Land curriculum,
Sustainable Agriculture UNIT 1 – SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 14 Soil Resources. Soil  Uppermost layer of Earth’s crust that supports plants, animals and microbes  Soil Forming Factors  Parent Material.
Organic Matter The key to healthy soils Fred Magdoff Dept. of Plant & Soil Science University of Vermont.
Mideast Facing Choice Between Crops and Water NY Times 7/21/08.
Organic Matter The key to healthy soils Fred Magdoff Dept. of Plant & Soil Science University of Vermont.
Unit 4: Weathering, Erosion, Deposition (WED)
Environmental Aspects of Food Production page 13.0.
Layers of soil (soil horizons) soil profile
Sustainable Agriculture
From Bedrock to Soil.
5. Terracing This practice is applied to reduce soil erosion and/or to retain run-off for moisture conservation, and consists of an earth embankment, or.
Soil Conservation. How do we use the land to change the land? Mining – rocks and minerals are removed from the ground for profit by one of two methods:
You have learnt from the Lessons in the earlier Modules that soil properties influence soil health. These soil properties in turn are affected by the agricultural.
Soil Abuses and Conservation. Case Study (Cunningham) Farming the Cerrado.
Soil Erosion and Building up the soil
Fred Magdoff Soil the unappreciated natural resource.
The practice of cultivating the land or raising livestock In a healthy farming system, agriculture works with the natural environment. This begins with.
What is it? -The farms that uses pesticides & non organic fertilizers -Grows only one kind of crop (monoculture)
Figure 2.1. A nematode feeds on a fungus, part of a living system of checks and balances. Photo by Harold Jensen.
Sustainable Agriculture Practices. Conventional tillage  incorporates most of the previous crop’s residue into the ground  leaves the surface exposed.
Agriculture and the Changing Climate: Resilience in Uncertain Times Kim McCracken NRCS State Soil Scientist November 7, 2015.
Soil erosion or degradation is a natural process. It becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions.
Why soil health matters and the NRCS commitment to it Dennis Chessman NRCS - Soil Health Division Southeast Region Team Leader.
COVER CROPS  Provide food for beneficial soil microbes and earthworms  Increase soil organic matter, which helps improve soil quality and fertility Blanco-Canqui.
Integrated Nutrient Management (Nutrient Management Plan ) A Series of Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan.
Land Management.
1.5 - Describe the environmental impact of primary production management 11 Ag/Hort.
Soil Bulk Density/Moisture/Aeration
Final Evaluation Lab Practicum Take Home Assessment Formal Examination
The growing of food: Effects on the food, Effects on the environment
PRT 2008 Lecture 9.
Agricultural Best Management Practices For Protecting Water Quality
Alternative Farming Methods
Sustainable Agriculture
Crops and Soil.
Sustainable Agriculture Practices
Julia Doyle Grace Palmer P.3
Crops and Soil.
Soil Conservation.
Welcome. S OIL HEALTH Soil health is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, by recognising that it contains biological.
The Impact of Agriculture
Presentation transcript:

The Great Hunger of 2008

Rioting in response to soaring food prices recently has broken out in Egypt, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Senegal and Ethiopia. In Pakistan and Thailand, army troops have been deployed to deter food theft from fields and warehouses.

Intensive tillage, soil erosion, and insufficient added residues Soil organic matter decreases Surface becomes compacted, crust forms Less soil water storage, less diversity of soil organism, fewer nutrients for plants Aggregates break down More soil organic matter is lost Crop yields are reduced Increased erosion by wind and water Hunger and malnutrition result Soil Degradation

… it is our work with living soil that provides sustainable alternatives to the triple crises of climate, energy, and food. No matter how many songs on your iPod, cars in your garage, or books on your shelf, it is plants’ ability to capture solar energy that is at the root of it all. Without fertile soil, what is life? —VANDANA SHIVA, 2008

Building Healthy Soils Fred Magdoff Building Healthy Soils Fred Magdoff

% of aggregates stable to 1.25cm rain/5mins: 2mm sieves Organic management ~70% - high Conventional management ~20% - low Aggregates after stability test

Add organic matter Increased biological activity (& diversity) Decomposition Nutrients released Aggregation increased Pore structure improved Humus and other growth promoting substances Reduced soil-borne diseases, parasitic nematodes Improved tilth and water storage HEALTHY PLANTS Harmful substances detoxified

crop harvest carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (0.04% in the atmosphere ) erosion photosynthesis root respiration and soil organic matter decomposition carbon in soil organic matter respiratio n in stems and leaves crop and animal residues

a) create soil & above ground conditions for healthy plants with enhanced defenses b) stress pests c) enhance beneficials a) create soil & above ground conditions for healthy plants with enhanced defenses b) stress pests c) enhance beneficials Overall strategies of ecologically-based agriculture

Build internal strengths into agricultural ecosystem Prevention (of symptoms and consequences of weak ecosystem) Routine ecologically sound practices during season to keep plants healthy Reactive management

Preventive management pre-season through planting time (building internal strengths into the system)  create soil & above ground conditions for healthy plants with enhanced defenses  stress pests  enhance beneficials 1. Crop/plant selection & planting management; habitat conservation & enhancement of field and surroundings 2. Build healthy soil (below ground habitat conservation & enhancement)

1. Add plentiful amounts of organic materials from crop residues (including cover crops) well as off- field organic materials such as animal manures and composts. Building Healthy Soil

vs.

2. Keep the soil covered with living vegetation and/or crop residue. Building Healthy Soils

Supplies food and habitat for maintaining biodiversity (helps beneficials at expense of pests) Suppresses weeds, insect, and disease cycles Helps grow healthier plants because: a) development of better soil tilth b) supplies nutrients and soil holds water better c) lessens compaction d) etc. Use cover crops or perennial sod cover routinely. Reduce tillage intensity.

3. Use better crop rotations. Building Healthy Soils

4. Reduce tillage intensity.

èMany different reduced till systems — conservation till, ridge till, zone-till, no-till. èBetter planters help. èCover crops can help. èMany different reduced till systems — conservation till, ridge till, zone-till, no-till. èBetter planters help. èCover crops can help.

Building Healthy Soils 5. Use other practices that reduce runoff and erosion.

6. Reduce severity of compaction. Building Healthy Soils

Don’t travel on wet soils. A lasting injury is done by ploughing land too wet. S.L. Dana, 1842 Don’t travel on wet soils. A lasting injury is done by ploughing land too wet. S.L. Dana, 1842

Use controlled traffic lanes (“permanent” beds). Better load distribution. Increase organic matter. Etc.

Building Healthy Soils 7. Use best management techniques to supply nutrients to plants without degrading the environment.

fertilizers, lime, organic amendment s leaching, runoff, and volatilizatio n crops farm-grown crops soil crop residues Farm boundary Nutrient Cycles vs. Nutrient Flows

Healthier Crops Better rotations Reduce compaction Add various sources of organic materials (crop residues, manures, composts, etc.) Cover crops Reduce tillage Control erosion Better nutrient timing, placement, and amounts Use Multiple Tactics