Cooperation and Reciprocal Altruism

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 8: The Evolution of Social Behavior What is social behavior? –Types of social interactions The Conundrum of Altruism Kin Selection or Inclusive.
Advertisements

1 The emergence of indirect reciprocity Rie Mashima Nobuyuki Takahashi Theoretical and empirical approaches toward indirect reciprocity.
Social Behaviors Animal Behavior 2011.
Game Theory “Доверяй, Но Проверяй” (“Trust, but Verify”) - Russian Proverb (Ronald Reagan) Topic 5 Repeated Games.
Evolution of Cooperation The importance of being suspicious.
Reciprocal Altruism and Group Behavior
The SOCIAL CONTRACT. Trivers – Reciprocal Altruism and the Human Psychological System Humans have an acute sense sense of fairness and a built in “cheating.
Animal Altruism Altruism occurs when the giver suffers a fitness loss while the recipient experiences a fitness gain. “Loss” could be trivial (you wasted.
6-1 LECTURE 6: MULTIAGENT INTERACTIONS An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems
Sociality and Social Behaviour (Part 2). Altruism by non-relatives Reciprocity - incur a cost now in anticipation of receiving a benefit later Modelling.
1.Major Transitions in Evolution 2.Game Theory 3.Evolution of Cooperation.
Cooperative Alliances By Jordan Poss. What Good Are Friends? Natural selection is competitive. Alliances often require the sacrifice of one to benefit.
Repeated Games and the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Prisoner’s dilemma What if the game is played “repeatedly” for several periods? DefectCooperate Defect10 yr,
Is There A Natural Moral Sense? Dr. Sally Ferguson Philosophy and Religious Studies University of West Florida.
Signal Honesty Definitions and history Alternative models –Agonistic displays –Courtship –Begging Explanations for deceit.
Reciprocal Altruism Elbert Lim Anthro 179. Reciprocal Altruism Term was coined by Robert Trivers (1970’s). Refers to the offering and receiving of support,
Chapter 13 Opener: Weaver ants form superbly cooperative societies
Prisoner’s dilemma TEMPTATION>REWARD>PUNISHMENT>SUCKER.
Categories of Social Behavior
Cooperation Reciprocators, Cheaters, and Everyone Else.
Evolving Game Playing Strategies (4.4.3) Darren Gerling Jason Gerling Jared Hopf Colleen Wtorek.
Cooperation Overview of the Day The evolution of cooperation Reciprocal altruism Cheater detection Friendship.
Tags and Image Scoring for Robust Cooperation By Nathan Griffiths Presented at AAMAS 2008.
A Memetic Framework for Describing and Simulating Spatial Prisoner’s Dilemma with Coalition Formation Sneak Review by Udara Weerakoon.
Neo-Liberal Institutionalism. The Prisoners’ Dilemma Player 2 Player 1.
Achieving Cooperative Social Behavior Through The Use Of Tags Critical MAS 2004Aviv Zohar.
Coye Cheshire & Andrew Fiore June 19, 2015 // Computer-Mediated Communication Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma.
Human Social Dilemmas Cooperation Between Non-Relatives Complex Evolutionary Problem Repeated Interaction, Conditional Cooperation Human Cooperation Often.
Cooperation and ESSs Putting Humpty together again.
TOPIC 6 REPEATED GAMES The same players play the same game G period after period. Before playing in one period they perfectly observe the actions chosen.
QR 38 3/15/07, Repeated Games I I.The PD II.Infinitely repeated PD III.Patterns of cooperation.
BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.
Recent Research Studies on Cooperative Games In the recent years since around 2003 I have been doing research following up on a specific idea for the finding.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Evolution of cooperation: Why make friends? Why be nice, making friends must have offered.
Sociality and the adaptive value of helpful behavior
Psychology 485 March 30,  Introduction & Philosophy of Morality  Group Living & Cooperation Altruism Game Theory  Moral Instinct? Ultimatum game.
University of Bologna, Italy How to cheat BitTorrent and why nobody does Simon Patarin and David Hales University of Bologna ECCS 2006,
Evaluate two theories explaining altruism. Prisoner’s Dilemma Play a game of ‘Prisoner’s Dilemma’ d.html.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Strategic Behavior. Chapter Outline ©2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved. 2 The Prisoner’s Dilemma: An Introduction.
Dynamic Games of complete information: Backward Induction and Subgame perfection - Repeated Games -
Force favoring aggregation protection from physical factors hydrodynamic effects - birds & fish reduce predation pressure: group defense, vigilance, dilution,
Chapter 4: Local integration 1: Reasoning & evolutionary psychology.
Example Department of Computer Science University of Bologna Italy ( Decentralised, Evolving, Large-scale Information Systems (DELIS)
Chapter 8 Primate Models For Human Variation. Chapter Outline  Human Origins and Behavior  Brain and Body Size  Language  Primate Cultural Behavior.
Presented by Antú Schamberger, Amanda Douglas, and Joel Schreiber Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the.
Neo-Liberal Institutionalism Idealism tainted by Realism.
The Evolution of Cooperation
Section 2 – Ec1818 Jeremy Barofsky
Game Theory by James Crissey Luis Mendez James Reid.
1 Social Dilemmas. 2 The Anatomy of Cooperation How does cooperation develop and how is it sustained in an environment where individuals are rewarded.
Ms. Carmelitano. Define Altruism: When one person helps another for no reward, and even at some cost to themselves Bell Ringer.
The evolution of cooperation. Altruism and the selfish gene n Altruism: benefit b to recipient at cost -c to the donor.
The evolution of social behavior: Why do social species exist? Disadvantages of living in social groups: Increased competition for food/resources Increased.
Module 1: Evolution and Economics An Analysis of You: Prisoner’s Dilemma.
G ROUP BEHAVIOUR. group behaviour The Selfish Gene is a book on by Richard Dawkings, 1976 Animal are kind to kin Animals are kind to non-kin Warning cries.
Reciprocal Altruism (Trivers 1971) Donor ––> Recipient Small costs, large gains, reciprocated Sentinels Robert Trivers Biological basis for our sense of.
Evolving Strategies for the Prisoner’s Dilemma Jennifer Golbeck University of Maryland, College Park Department of Computer Science July 23, 2002.
The Good News about The Bad News Gospel. The BAD News Gospel: Humans are “fallen”, “depraved” and incapable of doing the right thing “Human Nature” is.
Evolving Specialisation, Altruism & Group-Level Optimisation Using Tags David Hales Centre for Policy Modelling, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY to help or not to help others.
Brown, W., & Moore, C. (2000). Is prospective altruist- detection an evolved solution to the adaptive problem of subtle cheating in cooperative ventures?
Indirect Reciprocity in the Selective Play Environment Nobuyuki Takahashi and Rie Mashima Department of Behavioral Science Hokkaido University 08/07/2003.
Animal Altruism Altruism occurs when the giver suffers a fitness loss while the recipient experiences a fitness gain. “Loss” could be trivial (you wasted.
Simulating Evolution Robbie Rosati
PRISONER’S DILEMMA BERK EROL
Unit Social Behaviour Higher Biology Unit Social Behaviour.
Co-operate or cheat: beyond individual choice
Towards Realistic Models for Evolution of Cooperation
COOPERATION Tit-for-Tat and reciprocal altruism By-product mutualism
Inclusive Fitness Vivian Hubby.
Presentation transcript:

Cooperation and Reciprocal Altruism Definitions Iterated prisoner’s dilemma Examples Food sharing Alliance formation Egg trading Predator inspection Social grooming

Evolution of cooperation Mutualism Kin selection By-product mutualism as a consequence of behaving selfishly, the donor inadvertantly benefits the recipient. Example: cleaner wrasse selfishly consume ectoparasites of larger fish. The large fish cooperates by not eating the cleaner fish. Cleaner wrasse have mimics that cheat! Reciprocal altruism

Reciprocal Altruism the trading of altruistic acts in which the benefit is larger than the cost so that over time participants enjoy a net gain. Delay between donation cost and receipt of benefit separates mutualism from reciprocal altruism. Delay allows for the possibility of cheating, thus cheaters must be detected and excluded A sufficient number of interactions must occur to provide a net benefit to participants. Note that in many instances, the net benefit will increase with the number of exchanges. Thus, a large number of interactions favors reciprocity.

The prisoner’s dilemma Two suspected criminals are jailed separately and encouraged to provide evidence that the other was involved in the crime PD is defined by T > R > P > S and R > (T + S) / 2 ESS for single round of the game: always defect!

The Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma Iterating this game allows for cheating - the key distinction between mutualism and reciprocity Iteration permits complicated strategies, e.g. one player can perform CDCDCCCD while another might do CCCCCCCC, etc. TFT (cooperate on the first move and thereafter mimic your opponent) is the best strategy because Outscored all other strategies in computer tournament (Axelrod) Is an ESS if the probability of future encounter, w, meets these criteria: w > (T - R)/(T - P) and w > (T - R)/(R - S) Obtain these inequalities by applying 1, w, w2, w3,... to successive future payoffs and noting that w + w2 + w3 +... = 1/(1 - w)

Beyond tit-for-tat Once TFT evolves, can other strategies invade? Subsequent work indicates that other trajectories may occur, e.g. TFT-> Generous TFT-> Pavlov-> cooperation (Nowak & Sigmund) If mistakes are made, Generous-tit-for-tat does better than TFT (GTFT cooperates after opponent cooperates but also after opponent defects with some probability) Pavlov - win-stay, lose-shift does better than TFT because it corrects occasional mistakes and exploits unconditional cooperators.

Vampire bat food sharing

Costs and benefits of food sharing

Survival gain of food sharing

Chimpanzee food sharing

Cotton-top tamarin food sharing

Alliance formation Baboons Vervet monkeys Bottlenose dolphins

Egg-trading in polychaetes and bass

Predator inspection in fish

Predator inspection - mirror expt But, same result is seen in The absence of any predator! Suggests that fish tend to school. Fish with parallel mirror approached closer than fish with oblique mirror

Social grooming in antelope Females Males

Implications for human behavior Friendship formation non-kin directed altruism gift exchange ceremonies Emotion evolution Gratitude guilt and reparative altruism Justice moralistic aggression revenge Reciprocal network size cartel formation dialects