Summary Chapter 12
Lincoln ◦ Illegal for South to secede, therefore an insurrection ◦ President responsible for restoring Union quickly ◦ Gradual and peaceful Congress ◦ South had forfeited statehood and should be treated as territories ◦ Charles Sumner – leader of “Radical Republicans” in Congress to called for strict readmission ◦ Ensure protection for former slaves
10% Plan – had to swear allegiance Generous and forgiving Johnson (VP) and a southerner favored white Southerners and wanted to keep whites in power and blacks out of office Black Codes All states came back into Union without Congressional approval (not in session)
14 th Amendment passed Many ignored it (encouraged by Johnson) North angry and Republicans gained control of Congress South MUST pass 14 th amendment Blacks MUST be granted right to vote (suffrage) No Confederate officials could hold office Freedman’s Bureau – to help former slaves South divided into military districts
Johnson stood in the way of legislation Impeached by Congress; missed by 1 vote 1868 – Grant elected – very popular 700,000 blacks voted for the first time Bitter feelings & resentment after war ◦ Carpetbaggers – Northerners who went to the south to do business; often took advantage ◦ Scalawags – Southerners who supported Reconstruction; faced hardships from Southerners
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed to intimidate blacks and prevent them from voting Martial law declared but small number of troops in the south unable to stop violence Corruption in Grant’s administration; appointed bad leaders Freedman’s Bureau lacks funding, Congressmen are retiring, people tire of troops in South, business leaders wanted to invest in a stable south
Election of 1876 – elected despite fewer votes than Tilden Compromise of 1877 – Democrats let Hayes become President if Republicans end Reconstruction in the south. South returns to the hands of white southerners ◦ Jim Crow Laws – separate facilities, poll tax, literacy tests Civil rights take a big step backwards