According to the film, mass-market electric cars were killed off by a combination of industry, government, and consumer factors. The guilty parties were… video documentary:

Who Killed the Electric Car? The verdict, according to the film: US consumers - GUILTY Oil companies - GUILTY Car companies - GUILTY US government - GUILTY California Air Resources Board - GUILTY Hydrogen fuel cell – GUILTY Only Batteries were NOT GUILTY But what happened with electric cars since 2006? Was the electric car really dead?

REVENGE OF THE ELECTRIC CAR follows four entrepreneurs from 2007 through the end of 2010 as they fight to bring the electric car back to the world market in the midst of a global recession. Protagonists: Bob Lutz from General Motors Elon Musk from Tesla Motors Carlos Ghosn from Renault-Nissan Greg Abbott, an independent electric car converter from California

REVENGE OF THE ELECTRIC CAR documents the rise from of a new generation of electric cars, including the Chevrolet Volt, the Nissan Leaf, and the Tesla Roadster demonstrates the potential commercial viability of electric vehicles now and in the future

Link to Brock library online version IC.COM/display/006?T=MON1717

REBIRTH OF THE ELECTRIC CAR?

WHAT ARE THE CONTENDERS? Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Equipped with two motors: electric (battery powered) and internal combustion (gasoline or diesel powered) Several types: Serial HEVs (use chemical fuel generator to charge batteries) Parallel HEVs: Mild, Full, Plug-in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) e.g. Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Saturn Vue Hybrid e.g. Toyota Prius e.g. Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Chevy Volt, Ford C-Max Energi WHAT ARE THE CONTENDERS?

U.S. Hybrid Vehicle Fleet Largest in world (over million as of Oct 2014) 1 1 Passed 3 million vehicles in October 2013 Market leader: Toyota Prius family (50% of all hybrid sales as of December Source: Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz,

Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz, 2013

Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): Trend of sales by HEV models from Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): Trend of sales by HEV models from December 2012 DashboardDecember 2012 Dashboard. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates Yearly hybrid vehicle sales in the United States between 1999 and 2013 Hybrid sales: Increasing trend from Hybrids now comprise 1.45% of total car sales since % of total car sales in 2013 Proportion likely to increase with improvements in range, battery life, affordability, and increasing fossil fuel costs

WHAT ARE THE CONTENDERS? The prospects as of Fall 2014… Slow recharge at home (3 – 8 hours charging time per 100km range) Quick charging stations (10 – 30 min per 100 km range) BEVs (Battery electric vehicles) Use batteries to store electricity, and electric motor to propel vehicle. Charging options:

WHAT ARE THE CONTENDERS? The prospects as of Fall 2014… Much better electric-only range than plug-in hybrids (130 – 425 km versus 18 – 20 km) still have a lower total range than HEVs, and need 30 minutes – several hours for full recharge Some examples currently or soon in production: (range / cost $US) Nissan Leaf Tesla Model S smart EV 120 km / $35, km / $ , km / $27,000

Battery Electric Vehicles VW e-Golf Citroen C-1 Mercedes B-Class BMW i3 Chevy Spark EV Kia Soul EV 132 km / $36, km / $23, km / $42, km / $41, km / $26, km / $33,700

Most Efficient Vehicles Model Year (USA) BEVs and Plug-in HEVsConventional HEVs Source: US EPA, EPA, Battery electric 2. Plug-in hybrid

Next? Solar electric cars: When your gas station is the sun solar panels installed on roof home in Washington, DC home in 2011 Cost $36,740 -> after state and federal tax credits, total cost was $20,000 One-third of solar energy powers car, 2/3 house Pre-solar $1500 electricity / $1833 gas per year Post-solar electricity cost: $0 per year Payback: when car AND house energy costs are combined, estimated payback time is six years cars-When-your-gas-station-is-the-sun