Chapter 14 – The Civil War: 1861-1865 Fort Sumter, 1861 Resolved: States’ rights were the primary cause of the Civil War

Chapter 14 – The Civil War: 1861-1865 Battle of Antietam, 1862 Do Now: North-South Economic Advantages & Disadvantages

The Start of the Civil War, 1861 5 Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, W. Virginia (formed in 1863), Maryland and Delaware remained with Union. 4 more Southern states seceded in 1861 when Lincoln called for military volunteers to “preserve the Union” When Lincoln was elected in 1860, 7 Southern states seceded from the Union & formed the Confederate States of America 7 states in the deep south. 4 more in 1861: VA, AK, NC, TN (when Lincoln called up military) Note the long interval— nearly six months—between the secession of South Carolina, the first state to go, and that of Tennessee, the last state to leave the Union. These six months were a time of terrible trial for moderate Southerners. The Civil War began when Fort Sumter was fired upon by Confederate soldiers

The Secession Crisis

Strategies & Advantages The Union strategy during the war was called the Anaconda Plan: Blockade the coast, seize the Mississippi River to divide the South, & take control of Richmond, Virginia- the capital of the South Exploit South’s dependency on foreign trade & its inability to manufacture weapons Relied on Northern advantages in population, industry, & military

Take the CSA capital at Richmond Take control of the Mississippi River Ulysses Grant in the West George McClellan was in charge of Army of the Potomac This plan maximized the North’s industrial advantages but required better leadership than North had Blockade the Southern coast Divide the West from South

Strategies & Advantages The Confederate strategy during the war was an Offensive Defense: Protect Southern territory from “Northern aggression” but attack into Union territory when the opportunity presents itself Get Britain & France to join their cause because of European dependency on “King Cotton” Drag out the war as long as possible to make the North quit

Political Leadership During the Civil War During the Civil War, President Jefferson Davis had a difficult time: The CSA Constitution protected states’ rights so state governors could refuse to send him money or troops CSA currency inflated by 7,000% During the Civil War, President Lincoln used “emergency powers” to protect “national security”: Suspended habeas corpus (Laws requiring evidence before citizens can be jailed) Closed down newspapers that did not support the war The national government in the USA & CSA relied on volunteer armies in the beginning, but soon needed conscription (draft) to supply their armies with troops

New York City Draft Riots

Fighting the Civil War 1861-1865

Fighting the Civil War: 1861-1865 From 1861 to mid-1863, the Confederate army was winning the Civil War: Defensive strategy carried out by superior Southern generals like Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson Disagreements among military & political leaders in the North

Bull Run (Manassas), 1861: The 1st battle of the Civil War; Stonewall Jackson kept the Union army from taking the CSA capital at Richmond

Seven Pines, 1862 (CSA) Seven Days, 1862 (CSA) 2nd Bull Run, 1862 (CSA) Shiloh, 1862 (USA) From 1861-1862, the CSA had success in the East, but the USA had success in the West New Orleans, 1862 (USA)

Antietam, 1862: General Lee’s 1st attempt to invade outside the CSA was halted by McClellan

Antietam (Maryland), 1862 Bloodiest single day loss of lives: 22,000 dead as McClellan and Lee clashed. Even though the Battle of Antietam ended without a clear winner, it had important effects on the North: The battle convinced Britain & France not to support the Confederacy in the war The battle convinced Lincoln that the time was right to make the emancipation of slaves the new focus of the war for the North

Lincoln at Antietam (also known as Sharpsburg), October 1862 Deeply committed to his responsibilities as commander in chief, President Lincoln visited Union forces on the battlefield several times during the war. With him here at Antietam are the detective Allan Pinkerton (on the left), who provided intelligence to the Union army, and General John McClernand, who often accompanied the president on his travels p428

The Pending Conflict, 1863 Great Britain and France look on while the Americans struggle. Despite repeated pleas from Confederate diplomats for recognition and aid, both France and Britain refrained from intervening in the American conflict—not least because of the Union’s demonstrated strength on the battlefield and its economic importance to European importers.

Emancipation Proclamation After Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation: This executive order freed all slaves in Confederate territories It did not free slaves in the border states but it gave the North a new reason fight Inspired Southern slaves to escape which forced Southern whites to worry about their farms “…all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom...”

Was the Emancipation too little, too late Was the Emancipation too little, too late? How did the emancipation edict affect the politics and military affairs of the North?

States Impacted by the Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation in 1863

Escaped slaves in NC coming into Union lines Lincoln, “The Great Emancipator”

After Antietam, the Confederates continued to win in the East Fredericksburg, 1862 (CSA) Chancellorsville, 1863 The Confederates won, but Stonewall Jackson was killed; Lee said of Jackson: “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm” After Antietam, the Confederates continued to win in the East

Despite being outnumbered & under-equipped, the CSA dominated the fighting in the East from 1861-1863 due to better generals & a defensive strategy But, the Union Army was having success in the West under the leadership of Ulysses S Grant Conclusions: 1861-1863 By mid-1863, the weight of the Northern population & industrial capacity will begin to turn the tide of the war in favor of the Union

Essential Question: What factors helped the Union win the Civil War by 1865? Note-Taking Questions: Why was the Confederacy able to win the majority of Civil War battles from 1861 to mid-1863?

Fighting the Civil War: 1861-1865 When the Civil War began, most expected the fighting to end quickly, but the war lasted until 1865 due to: The commitment of the Union & Confederacy to “total war” Excellent Southern generals like Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson Improved, industrial weaponry

Main Thrusts, 1861–1865: Northern strategists at first believed that the rebellion could be snuffed out quickly by a swift, crushing blow. But the stiffness of Southern resistance to the Union’s early probes, and the North’s inability to strike with sufficient speed and severity, revealed that the conflict would be a war of attrition, long and bloody.

New Weapons but Old Tactics Long-range artillery & the Gatling gun (1st machine gun) Cone-shaped bullets & grooved barrel rifles for more accuracy Ironclad naval ships like the USS Monitor & CSS Virginia Old tactics such as massed formations & frontal assaults. Led to huge casualty rates

The Technology of Battle Repeating Weapons Importance of the Railroad The Telegraph The Technology of War One of the new machines of destruction that made the Civil War the first mechanized war, this eight and-a-half-ton federal mortar sat on a railroad flatcar in Petersburg, Virginia, ready to hurl two-hundred-pound missiles as far as two and a half miles. This powerful artillery piece rode on the tracks of a captured Southern railroad—itself another artifact of modern technology that figured heavily in the war. Of the 31,256 miles of railroad track in the United States in 1861, less than 30 percent, or 9,283 miles, were in the Confederate states, soon reduced by Union capture and destruction to 6,000 miles. The Confederate government’s failure to understand the military importance of railroads contributed substantially to its defeat. War by Railroad (NARA)

The Course of Battle Soldiers guard a train on a Union Army-built trestle on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad near Manassas, Virginia, c. 1863. (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

Killing Fields of Antietam, 1862 Why was Antietam such a “turning point” in the Civil War? Dead Union Soldiers at Antietam, 1862 (Library of Congress)

The Tide of the War Turns in 1863 By 1863, the Confederacy was having difficulty sustaining the fight: Attempts to lure Britain & France into the war had failed The Union blockade, limited Southern manufacturing, & lack of grain fields left CSA soldiers ill-supplied To pay for the war, the CSA printed money leading to massive inflation

Gettysburg, 1863: In July, Robert E Lee decided to take advantage of his victory at Chancellorsville & attack Northern soil to end the war quickly by crushing Union morale Vicksburg, 1863: Grant cut off Southern access to Mississippi River & divided the South into two halves; Grant was then promoted to lead the entire Union army Gettysburg proved to be the turning point of the war; Lee was halted, the CSA never again attacked Union soil, & the Union army began winning the war

Watch Gettysburg 1, 2, 3

The most famous speech in American history is also one of the shortest, President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address of 1863. Why does Lincoln say the Union is fighting this war? How does this differ from his earlier pronouncements earlier in the conflict? To what elements of the American ideological tradition does Lincoln hearken to in this brilliant polemic and heartfelt eulogy?

The principles that our government were founded upon in 1776 We need to make sure that the Union wins the Civil War in order to preserve our form of gov’t The principles that our government were founded upon in 1776 This Civil War is a test to see if these principles will last, because other republics have failed

Fighting the Civil War: 1863-1865 Under Grant’s leadership, the Union army was more aggressive & committed to destroy the South’s will to fight: Grant appointed William T. Sherman to lead Southern campaign Sherman destroyed everything of value to the South & emancipated slaves during his “march to the sea”

Sherman considered “total war” necessary to defeat the South The Battle of Atlanta was a huge victory for the Union because it took out a major Southern railroad terminus

Fighting the Civil War: 1863-1865 The election of 1864: Lincoln faced a tough re-election campaign against George McClellan The North’s war failures were the key election issue When Atlanta fell during Sherman’s “March to the Sea,” Lincoln was overwhelmingly reelected

In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all”

Appomattox, 1865: Grant defeated Lee at Appomattox ending the Civil War

The Start and end of the War The McLean House in Appomattox Court House (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of Civil War

From 1863-1865, the lack of Southern resources & unity as well as the Northern advances into the South led to the end of the Civil War How did North win; recap 1863-1865 burning richmond? Total war Lack of unity in south

As the Civil War began, politicians and ordinary citizens in both the North and the South were supremely confident of victory. Why did Southerners believe they would triumph? Why did the North ultimately win the war?

The Death of Lincoln Northern celebration was short lived; On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth

Effects of the Civil War: Effects of the War Effects of the Civil War: 618,000 troops were dead; More than any other U.S. war The 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865 ending slavery The war forever ended the states’ rights argument The South was destroyed; A plan was needed to admit Southern states back into the Union

Friendly Enemies The man on the right is George Armstrong Custer. The youngest general in the Union army, this brilliant young officer survived the Civil War only to lose his life and that of every soldier under his command to Sioux warriors at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876—“Custer’s Last Stand.” The man on the left is a Southern soldier and prisoner of war. He and Custer had been classmates at West Point. p421

disarmed Confederates exhibit an out-at the-elbows pride and defiance. “Prisoners from the Front”, by Winslow Homer, 1866 This celebrated painting reflects the artist’s firsthand observations of the war. Homer brilliantly captured the enduring depths of sectional animosity. The Union officer somewhat disdainfully asserts his command of the situation; the beaten and disarmed Confederates exhibit an out-at the-elbows pride and defiance. Prisoners from the Front, by Winslow Homer, 1866 This celebrated painting reflects the artist’s firsthand observations of the war. Homer brilliantly captured the enduring depths of sectional animosity. The Union officer somewhat disdainfully asserts his command of the situation; the beaten and disarmed Confederates exhibit an out-at the-elbows pride and defiance.

Grave of William H. Johnson, 1864 Johnson was a free black man who worked as Lincoln’s personal valet in Springfield and accompanied him to Washington, D.C. when he assumed the presidency. When lighter-skinned mulatto White House staffers rejected him for his dark skin, Lincoln helped Johnson find other employment in the Treasury and Navy Departments, writing “The bearer of this card, William Johnson (colored), came with me from Illinois, and is a worthy man, as I believe. A. Lincoln.” In November 1863 Lincoln requested that Johnson accompany him to deliver his famous address at Gettysburg, where they both contracted smallpox. Lincoln recovered in a few days; Johnson, with a more severe case, died in January 1864. Lincoln arranged for him to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery and wrote the one word epitaph for his tombstone: “Citizen,” a succinct and stinging rebuke of the racist reasoning of the Dred Scott decision. Grave of William H. Johnson, 1864 Johnson was a free black man who worked as Lincoln’s personal valet in Springfield and accompanied him to Washington, D.C. when he assumed the presidency. When lighter-skinned mulatto White House staffers rejected him for his dark skin, Lincoln helped Johnson find other employment in the Treasury and Navy Departments, writing “The bearer of this card, William Johnson (colored), came with me from Illinois, and is a worthy man, as I believe. A. Lincoln.” In November 1863 Lincoln requested that Johnson accompany him to deliver his famous address at Gettysburg, where they both contracted smallpox. Lincoln recovered in a few days; Johnson, with a more severe case, died in January 1864. Lincoln arranged for him to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery and wrote the one word epitaph for his tombstone: “Citizen,” a succinct and stinging rebuke of the racist reasoning of the Dred Scott decision.

Dead on the Battlefield

Dead on the Battlefield