Eudicots Tricolpates

Angiosperm phylogeny

Ceratophyllum Hornwort family, all aquatic Small flowers Absent perianth Few number of flower parts Unisexual flowers

Eudicots Tricolpate pollen Cyclic flowers - parts in whorls, members of individual whorls alternating Staminal filaments usually slender Starch grains in plastids

Eudicots

Ranunculales Berberidaceae Circaeasteraceae Eupteleaceae Lardizabalaceae Menispermaceae Papaveraceae Ranunculaceae

Ranunculales

Key features: contain alkaloid berberine, superior ovary without a hypanthium, herbaceous, toothed to lobed leaves, flower parts distinct and free, many stamens, seeds with tiny embryos and copious endosperm

Papaveraceae Sister to the other groups: Differs: –Fused carpels –Capsular fruits –Quickly deciduous sepals –Sap (either colored or clear)

Papaveraceae Poppy family 770 species in 40 genera Herbs to soft wooded stems Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) used for morphine, heroin, and codeine –Ornamentals: many poppies, bleeding heart

Papaveraceae Synapomorphies: Leaves often lobed, often colored sap, 2 sepals - quickly fall off, often 4 petals, 2 fused carpels with parietal placentation, fruit a capsule, seeds with arils

Papaveraceae Herbs to small shrubs with sap Leaves alternate and spiral often lobed Flowers bisexual, radial to bilateral –Sepals usually 2 or 3, falling quickly –Petals usually 4 or 6, sometimes numerous, often crumpled in bud –Stamens numerous –2 to numerous carpels, fused Fruit a capsule with arillate seeds

Papaveraceae

Argemone Corydalis (400) Papaver Sanguinaria Dicentra

Menispermaceae Moonseed family Twining vines or lianas 450 species in 71 genera Medicinal and poisons (curare - arrow poison), and ornamentals

Menispermaceae Synapomorphies: Twining vines or lianas, Flowers unisexual (usually dioecious), 2 ovules with 1 aborting, Fruit an aggregate of drupes 3 merous flowers

Berberidaceae Barberry family 650 species Widespread herbs and shrubs Ornamentals, including lawn shrubs

Berberidaceae Synapomorphies: 1 carpel Herbs or shrubs with variable leaves Flowers bisexual, radial, with 3-merous parianth –4-6 sepals, distinct –4-6 outer petals, 6 inner petals/staminodes –Usually 6 stamens, anthers open from the base by 2 flaps Fruit a berry

Berberidaceae Caulophyllum Jeffersonia Berberis (600)

Ranunculaceae Buttercup family 2000 species of herbs shrubs or vines Widespread especially in the northern hemisphere Many ornamentals

Ranunculaceae Synapomorphies: Herbs, shrubs or occasionally vines Leaves various (often lobed) Flowers usually bisexual, flower parts usually not 3-merous

Ranunculaceae Flower parts not 3-merous –4 to numerous tepals or differentiated into calyx (5) and corolla (5) –Stamens numerous, distinct –Carpels usually 5 to numerous, distinct Fruit follicles, achenes or berries

Ranunculaceae Hydrastis - Flowers 3-merous Fleshy follicles

Ranunculaceae Thalictroideae - –Paraphyletic grade Plesiomorphies –Berberine compounds –Yellow rhizomes –Small chromosomes Thalictrum Coptis

Aquilegia Hodges 1997

Ranunculoideae Synapomorphies: –4-5 merous parianth –Dry fruits –Large chromosomes and longer stomates –Chromosome number of 8 –No berberine

Ranunculoideae Synapomorphies: –Ranunculin –Fruits are achenes AnemoneRanunculus Clematis

Ranunculoideae Synapomorphies: –Petal-like tepals Delphinium Caltha

Eudicots

Proteales 4-merous flowers with stamens opposite Major groups: Platanaceae, Proteaceae, Nelumbonaceae

Platanaceae Plane tree or Sycamore tree 9 species all in Platanus Tropical to temperate regions of NA, south- central Europe, western Asia to Indochina Cultivated as ornamentals

Platanaceae Synapomorphies: Inflorescences of globose heads in unisexual heads (monoecious), apical placentation, Fruits achenes, in dense globose clusters

Platanaceae Trees with exfoliating bark Leaves palmately lobed and veined, stipules present Flowers unisexual (monoecious) –3-7 sepals –3-7 petals, lacking in carpellate flowers –3-7 stamens, filaments very short –5-9 carpels, distinct, ovaries superior, 2 ovules per carpel with one aborting Fruit dense achenes

Platanaceae Hybrid between P. occidentalis and P. orientalis

Proteaceae Protea family Widespread in tropics and subtropics in Australia and Africa 1770 species Many ornamentals and Macadamia nut

Proteaceae Synapomorphies: 4 tepals with edges abutting, 4 stamens, 1 carpel

Proteaceae Trees or shrubs Leaves usually alternate and spiral, stipules absent Flowers bisexual, radial or bilateral, conspicuous –4 tepals, often deeply cleft on one side –Stamens 4, usually adnate to tepals –1 carpel on a stalk Fruits follicles, nuts, achenes, drupes, or samaras

Proteaceae Grevilleoideae (flowers in pairs) Proteoideae (flowers single)

Proteaceae Protea Banksia Grevillea

Macadamia Nut

Nelumbonaceae Water lotus family with enlarged spongy receptacle

70 sp. 2 sp.

Gunnerales - Gunneraceae Blue-green algae as symbionts - Nostoc Large herbs with no stem (40-50 species) Plants dioecious

Core Eudicots Polygonales

Carnivorous 1 basal ovule Indehiscent fruits Plumbagin Basal placentation Vascularized hairs Polygonaceae Plumbaginaceae Droseraceae Nepenthaceae

Knotweed family Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines 1100 species Includes: buckwheat, rhubarb, and sorrel Polygonaceae

Synapomorphy: Stipules present and connate into a thin sheath around the stem Polygonaceae

Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines Leaves usually alternate and entire Flowers usually bisexual, radial –Perianth of 6 tepals, usually petaloid In 5s when 2 tepals are fused –5-9 stamens –2 or 3 carpels, basal placentation, 1 ovule Fruit an achene or nutlet Polygonaceae

Rumex (200) Fagopyrum Polygonum (150)

Plumbaginaceae Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules Flowers bisexual, in cymose inflorescences –5 sepals and 5 petals –5 stamens fused to petals –5 fused carpels Plumbago

Droseraceae Sundew family Insectivorous herbs 110 species, common in wet, low-nutrient, acidic soils Venus’s flytrap and sundews

Droseraceae Synapomorphies: Leaves rolled in a coil from the top, blade sensitive

Droseraceae Leaves simple with obscure venation, forming a snap-trap, mucilage-secreting hairs to digest insects Flowers bisexual, radial, white or purple –Usually 5 sepals –Usually 5 distinct petals –Usually 5 stamens, pollen released in tetrads –Usually 3 carpels Fruit a capsule

Droseraceae Drosera (80 spp) Dionaea Aldrovanda

Nepenthaceae ~ 82 species in Nepenthes Shrubs climbing with their leaves –Alternate entire and highly modified –Petiole, blade, tendril, and pendent urn-shaped pitcher (with operculum - lid) –Pitcher has fluid of digestive enzymes Old world tropics, 90 species in 1 genus, Nepenthes

Nepenthaceae Flowers unisexual (dioecious), small and greenish –Staminate flowers with 4 tepals and 4-numerous stamens –Carpellate flowers with 4 tepals and 4 fused carples