AGRICULTURAL BOTANY AGR 3101

The course focuses on: Morphology (external plant structure) Anatomy (internal plant structure) Taxonomy (plant nomenclature, identification and classification)

GROWTH HABITS OF PLANTS Herb (Herba) Shrub (Renek) Tree (Berpokok) Climber (Memanjat) Epiphyte (Epifit) Parasite (Parasit) Saprophyte (Saprofit) Xerophyte (Zerofit) Mesophyte (Mesofit) Hydrophyte (Hidrofit)

Herb A non-woody plant; annual, biennial or perennial; with short-lived above ground organs. e.g. onion, padi, corn, banana Shrub A low lying woody perennial, having branches arising from the lower part of the stem. e.g. chilli, roses, hibiscus

Tree A woody perennial,tall, with a single trunk and produces branches at the upper region. e.g. durian, rambutan, tamarind Climber A plant with a long slender stem, produces branches and have specialised organ to cling to a support. e.g. bittergourd, pepper, pumpkin

Epiphyte A plant that grows on another plant but does not absorb food/nutrients from it (non-parasitic). e.g. Vanda orchid Parasite A plant that grows on another plant and absorbs food/nutrients from it, to the extent of causing damage and death to the plant e.g. Loranthus spp.

Saprophyte A plant that lives on decayed material or organic matter rich in nutrients such as in the axils of leaf sheaths of oil palm. e.g. ferns Xerophyte A plant that lives in a dry habitat or places that lack water. e.g. cactus and some ferns

Mesophyte A plant that lives in a habitat with optimum supply of water; mainly field and horticultural crops of moist tropical and temperate regions. e.g. rubber, fruit species, forest species Hydrophyte A plant that lives in water, either floating on the water surface or submerged, or thrives in muddy swamps, rivers and lakes. e.g. water lily, lotus

LIFE SPAN OF PLANTS Annual (Semusim) Biennial (Dua musim) Perennial (Saka)

Annual A plant that complete its life cycle in one year or less (undergoes vegetative growth, flowers, produces fruits and seeds, and finally dies) e.g. paddy, wheat, barley Biennial A plant that complete its life cycle in two years/seasons (undergoes vegetative growth in the first year/season and reproductive growth in the second year/season, and finally dies) e.g. carrot, radish

Perennial A plant that lives for many years (more than two years), some may reach up to a hundred year. The stem is either woody or herbaceous. Herbaceous perennial (Saka herba) e.g. banana, ginger, languas Woody perennial (Saka berkayu) e.g. mangosteen, durian, dokong

MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS Study on the external structures of higher plants : Root Stem (Vegetative) Leaf Flower Fruit (Reproductive) Seed

Plant Structure

ROOT SYSTEMS 1. Tap root system - Dicotyledons Fibrous root system - Monocotyledons Adventitious root system

Tap root Dicotyledons Fibrous root Monocotyledons

Tap root

L Fibrous root system Adventitious roots

ROOT MODIFICATIONS Climbing roots Prop/stilt roots Epiphytic roots Buttress roots Pneumatophores

Buttress roots Epiphytic roots Climbing roots Prop roots Pneumatophores

ROOT MODIFICATION FOR STORAGE fascicled fusiform conical napiform napiform tuberous

STRUCTURE OF A ROOT TIP Vascular tissue Tisu vaskular Lateral root Root hairs Maturation zone Elongation zone Root cap