Biomes (6-3) Different climates lend to differing organisms & vegetations Due to . . . Pptn., temp., soil type

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest

Major biomes Artic tundra Boreal forest (taiga); evergreen coniferous Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Dry woodlands & shrublands (chaparral) Desert Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical savanna, thorn forest Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains

Altitude Latitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Latitude Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow

Tropical desert (Saudi Arabia)

Temperate desert (Reno, Nevada)

Polar desert (northwest China)

Tropical grassland (savanna) (Harare, Zimbabwe)

Temperate grassland (Lawrence, Kansas)

Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska)

Tropical rain forest (Manaus, Brazil)

Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee)

Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga) (Moscow, Russia)

Desert Little ppt./vegetation Tropical; temperate; polar Cover 30% of Earth

Diamondback rattlesnake Red-tailed hawk Producer to primary consumer Gambel's quail Primary to secondary consumer Yucca Agave Jack rabbit Collared lizard Secondary to higher-level consumer Prickly pear cactus Roadrunner All producers and consumers to decomposers Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Bacteria Fungi Kangaroo rat

Tropical Temperate Cold deserts Semi-desert Hot/dry most of year Few plants, rocks, sand Temperate High day temps in summer; low temps in winter More rain than tropical Drought resistant; widely spaced plants Cold deserts Cold winters; warm summers; low rainfall Semi-desert Between desert & grassland Thorn trees; shrubs; brief heavy rain

Survival techniques in deserts Drop leaves No leaves, store water in fleshy tissue Open pores for gas @ night Long tap roots Thick, waxy leaves (reduce evaporation) Biomass in seeds for years of dormancy Animals are small Nocturnal Some dormant during hot times Insects/reptiles have thick coats to conserve water Concentrated feces/urine

Natural Capital Degradation Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by off-road vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity

Deserts Plant grow is slow Low species diversity Slow nutrient cycling Human impact Off-road vehicles

Dry Grassland Moist Grassland Cape buffalo Wildebeest Beisa oryx Topi Warthog Thompson's gazelle Waterbuck Grant's zebra Dry Grassland Moist Grassland

Dry Thorn Scrub Riverine Forest Giraffe African elephant Gerenuk Black rhino Dik-dik East African eland Blue duiker Greater kudu Bushbuck Dry Thorn Scrub Riverine Forest

Grasslands (prairies) Enough water for grasses Little amount of trees Grazing by herbivores Fires keep shrubs & trees from growing 3 types Tropical Temperate Polar

Competition for plants minimized Animals killed for coats, tusks Savanna Warm temps year round 2 dry seasons Grazing animals Lots of niches Competition for plants minimized Animals killed for coats, tusks Farmers try to raise cattle Loss of vegetation; soil compaction

Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer Pronghorn antelope Primary to secondary consumer Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Secondary to higher-level consumer Grasshopper All producers and consumers to decomposers Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Fungi Prairie coneflower

Temperate grasslands Cold winters; hot, dry summers Fertile soils NA; SA; Europe; Asia Grasses adapted to fire High evaporation Used to raise cattle & crops Easily plowed for crops Overgrazing leads to sagebrush desert

Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Snowy owl Long-tailed jaeger Producer to primary consumer Grizzly bear Caribou Primary to secondary consumer Mosquito Snowy owl Secondary to higher-level consumer Arctic fox Horned lark Willow ptarmigan All consumers and producers to decomposers Dwarf willow Lemming Mountain cranberry Moss campion

Polar grasslands (arctic tundra) Treeless Cold plains Long, dark winters Low ppt. Grass, mosses 6-8 weeks of summer Permafrost Migratory birds Small herbivores (lemmings, hares, voles) Predators (lynx, weasel, artic fox) Slow decomposition Soil is poor in nutrients Oil drilling & mining

Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles

Chaparral (temperate shrubland) Coastal regions that border deserts Evergreen shrubs Occasional trees Swift moving fires Ideal climate for humans Floods/mudslides

Forest Biomes Moderate to high rainfall 3 types Tropical Temperate Boreal (polar)

Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Secondary to higher-level consumer Katydid Slaty-tailed trogon Green tree snake Tree frog All producers and consumers to decomposers Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria

45 Emergent layer 40 35 Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory 15 Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Brazilian tapir Shrub layer 5 Black-crowned antpitta Ground layer

Broadleaf evergreens w/shallow roots Dense canopy Tropical rain forests Near equator Hot, humid conditions Daily rainfall Broadleaf evergreens w/shallow roots Dense canopy Epiphytes (like orchids) Great diversity 2% of land surface ½ of terrestrial species Little litter on floor Poor soil

Figure 6-31 Page 123 Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak White-footed mouse Secondary to higher-level consumer Metallic wood-boring beetle and Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae White-tailed deer Mountain winterberry All producers and consumers to decomposers Shagbark hickory May beetle Racer Fungi Long-tailed weasel Wood frog Bacteria

Temperate deciduous forest Deciduous trees Few species of trees Moderate, ave temps, abundant rain, long, warm summers Deciduous trees Few species of trees Sunlight penetrates canopy Thick layer of leaf litter Bears, wolves, deer Tree plantations (one type of tree) Migratory birds

Blue jay Great horned owl Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Balsam fir Marten Moose White spruce Secondary to higher-level consumer Wolf Bebb willow All producers and consumers to decomposers Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bacteria Bunchberry

Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal) Long, dry extremely cold winters South of arctic tundra Long, dry extremely cold winters 6-8 hrs. of sunlight in winter 19 hrs. of sunlight in summer Coniferous trees (spruce, fir) Slow decomposition High soil acidity

Mountain biomes High-elevated forest Dramatic changes w/altitude Prone to erosion when vegetation is removed Great habitats/sanctuary for animals Help regulate climate Snow peaks reflect solar radiation Big part of hydrologic cycle Under pressure from humans