Ventricular Pressure loop Stoke Volume = 85 15 180 120 60 Ejection Fraction = 59% Aortic valve closes Ejection Aortic valve opens End-systolic volume Pressure (mmHg) Stroke volume Isovolumic relaxation Isovolumic contraction End-diastolic volume Filling Mitral valve opens Mitral valve closes 50 100 150 60 145 Volume (ml)

Systolic Heart Failure Contractility 15 180 120 60 Pressure EDV ESV Pressure (mmHg) Filling 50 100 150 110 160 Volume (ml)

Aortic Insufficiency Increase preload Increase in stroke volume Increase in ventricular pressure 15 180 120 60 Pressure (mmHg) Stroke volume Filling 50 100 150 Volume (ml)

Hypertension (Increase TPR) Increase after load Increase in ventricular pressure 15 180 120 60 Pressure (mmHg) Filling 50 100 150 Volume (ml)

Aortic Stenosis Increase after load Increase in ventricular pressure Decrease in stroke volume 15 180 120 60 Pressure (mmHg) Filling 50 100 150 Volume (ml)

Increased Contractility Decrease ESV Increase SV Slight decrease in EDV 15 180 120 60 Pressure (mmHg) Filling 50 100 150 Volume (ml)

Mitral Stenosis Decrease Contractility Decrease Presssure Increase EDV Increase ESV 15 180 120 60 Pressure (mmHg) Filling 50 100 150 Volume (ml)

Mitral Insufficiency Pressure (mmHg) Volume (ml) 15 180 120 60 Filling 50 100 150 Volume (ml)