How do we use genetics to our advantage? What are the risks of using genetics to our advantage?

Biotechnology The use of living systems or organisms to make or develop useful products

Examples of Biotechnology

Genetic engineering  making changes to DNA code and putting back into cell

Applications of Genetic Engineering

Transgenic organisms Transgenic organisms- contains genes from other organisms

Transgenic Plants  Soybeans – produces insecticides  Edible cotton seeds – not available yet  Golden rice – genes from flowers to increase beta carotene

Transgenic Animals  Designer Babies - DNA from 3 people found in 15 babies.  Featherless chickens  Glittering seahorses  Glofish - can buy at Walmart

Genetically modified organisms  Many transgenic plants and animals fit into this category  Organisms whose genome has been changed by genetic engineering  genetically-modified-foods-6bwrNwni/what-is-a- genetically-modified-food-instant-egghead-45- scientific-american/ genetically-modified-foods-6bwrNwni/what-is-a- genetically-modified-food-instant-egghead-45- scientific-american/

Cloning  Process of creating genetically identical organisms  1 st animal cloned from an adult cell was - Dolly the sheep  Human cloning is illegal in many countries

Current uses for cloning  Clone your pet:  cost 50,000 and up

Selective Breeding  breeding animals and plants for a particular trait

Example

Hybridization  the process of interbreeding individuals of different species

Examples

7 8

What is the process of genetic engineering?  Recombinant DNA: Genetically engineered DNA created by splicing DNA from a different organism into the host DNA.  Uses a plasmid  Plasmid - circular DNA found in bacteria

DNA Technology  DNA fingerprinting - a test to evaluate genetic information  Used in criminal cases, paternity cases, to identify victims of accidents and ancestry.

How do scientists make a DNA fingerprint?  DNA is collected ( ex. Hairbrush, toothbrush, chewing gum, skin and other sources)  Restriction enzyme is added to sample to cut DNA into smaller fragments.  Sample is placed in a special gel and the gel is then put into electrophoresis equipment.

How does a gel electrophoresis works?  Electrical current is applied to the gel with the DNA sample  Smaller DNA fragments moves to end of the gel and larger DNA fragments stay at the top of the gel  Gel is stained to see fragments better

What happens if the sample is too small?  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - process to make copies of DNA  erase-chain-reaction-pcr erase-chain-reaction-pcr

Gene Therapy  Ex. Add corrected copy of a defective gene to treat or prevent a genetic disease