New Technologies for Challenging Situations – Perennial and Nursery Crops in California S. Schneider, T. Trout, J. Gerik USDA ARS, Parlier, CA H. Ajwa, B. Westerdahl U C, Davis

Challenging Situations  Field Nursery Crops strict nematode control regulations in Californiastrict nematode control regulations in California efficacy needed to 150 cmefficacy needed to 150 cm crop rescue if nematode management failscrop rescue if nematode management fails

Challenging Situations  Perennial Crop Replant roots from previous crop can harbor nematodes deep in the soilroots from previous crop can harbor nematodes deep in the soil management is needed for more than one seasonmanagement is needed for more than one season “minor” failures compound over the life of the vineyard or orchard“minor” failures compound over the life of the vineyard or orchard

Challenging Situations  Ornamental Crops diversity of cropping systemsdiversity of cropping systems – 145 crops/grower at one time short cropping cycleshort cropping cycle – residual activity of pesticides proximity to urban areasproximity to urban areas

Common Issues  diversity of soil types  diversity of climates  diversity of pests & pathogens  dependence on methyl bromide

Potential Solutions  new materials  new application technologies  rescue technologies  site-specific management  innovative combinations of all tools available

New Materials  covered previously by Dr. Rodriquez-Kabana  Performance in perennial, nursery, and ornamental systems will be presented

Application Technologies  Drip Irrigation Systems as a delivery vehicle for fumigants closed systemclosed system use water to move emulsified materialsuse water to move emulsified materials adapt to distribution pattern neededadapt to distribution pattern needed – bed vs. broadcast – shallow vs. deep post-plant applications of supplemental materialspost-plant applications of supplemental materials

Optimization of Drip Fumigation  application rate; minimum efficacious rate for drip fumigation vs. shank injection  amount of irrigation water needed for optimum distribution of fumigants in various soils  drip tape configurations (emitter discharge rate, emitter spacing, and drip tape spacing)  combination of fumigants at reduced rates  impermeable film (VIF) vs standard PE mulch  pre-irrigation, initial soil water content Dr. Husein Ajwa

Drip Application Equipment Flow meter Static mixer Injection port Water meter Nitrogen cylinder

Micro gas chromatograph with a multi- port sampling valve

InLine (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin) InLine (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin)   Monitor 1,3-D distribution in soil when applied in different amounts of irrigation water (26, 43, & 61 mm)   Monitor 1,3-D distribution when applied under standard PE mulch and VIF

0 cm 30 cm

Metam Sodium (MITC)   Monitor MITC distribution in soil when applied as metam sodium using three different drip tape flow rates: low, < 0.34 gpm/100 ft med, 0.67 gpm/100 ft high, > 1.00 gpm/100 ft

Recommendations for drip fumigation To achieve greater fumigant distribution uniformity:  increase the amount of irrigation water inches for loam and sandy loam soils inches for loamy sand and sandy soils  use medium flow rate drip tape (soil type?) gpm/100 ft for sandy loamy soils  use impermeable film if it is available or affordable if it is available or affordable

Field Trials Rose Vineyard Replant – 3+ years after Vineyard Replant – 3+ years after treatment Grape Nursery

Grapevine Nursery Trial

 makes it “mandatory that nursery stock for farm planting be commercially clean with respect to economically important nematodes”. The California Code of Regulations

Experimental Design  85-year-old nematode- infested Thompson Seedless vineyard  11 treatments  5 replications

Treatments   Untreated Control   Methyl Bromide (448 kg/ha), Treated Control   Shank Iodomethane + Pic ( kg/ha)   Shank Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha)   Drip Iodomethane + Pic ( kg/ha), water cap   Drip Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha), water cap  )  Drip InLine (468 L/ha) Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap  Drip Pic ()  Drip Pic (448 kg/ha) Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap  Drip Azide (336), tarped  Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), tarped  Drip Azide (336), water cap  Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), water cap  Microspray Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha)

Shanked Treatments  Shanks – 45 cm deep  Shanks – 1.8m apart  tarped

Drip Treatments  Broadcast  Drip tape  25 cm deep  60 cm apart  Medium flow  90 cm water

Caps on Drip Treatments  Applied through microsprays 2.4m x 4.6m spacing2.4m x 4.6m spacing  Water (15 cm)  Metam sodium (Vapam 243 L/ha)

Nematode Populations at Planting

Nematode Populations after One Growing Season

Thompson Seedless – Fall 2001

Vineyard Replant Trial Planted 1998

Experimental Design  65 year-old nematode- infested Thompson Seedless vineyard  Randomized complete block, 5 reps

Treatments  Untreated Control  Methyl Bromide, 448 kg/ha  Shank Iodomethane, 448 kg/ha  Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 60 mm water)+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap  Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 100 mm water)+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap  1-Year Fallow  1-Year Fallow + sudac cover crop

Variety/Rootstock  Thompson Seedless, own-rootedown-rooted  Merlot on Harmony  Merlot on Teleki 5C

TreatmentMeloidogyne sp.Tylenchulus sp. Thomp Seedless Teleki 5CHarmny Thomp Seedless Teleki 5CHarmny Untreated Control160.3 ab290.7 a a377.4 a981.8 ab 1 Year Fallow215.0 a 72.8 b abc465.8 a a 1 Year Fallow plus cover crop a259.0 a ab391.5 a787.8 b Methyl Bromide (400lbs/acre) 4.96 c 0.48 b c 49.0 b 61.6c Iodomethane (400lbs/acre) 57.8 c 0.0 b c 4.0 b c Telone II EC (60mm water)+ Vapam 0.16 c 3.8 b c 3.4 b 76.8 c Telone II EC (100mm water)+Vapam 59.1 c 0.48 b bc 30.5 b 68.5 c Nematodes – 3.5 years after treatment Shank Treatments applied Apr Drip Treatments applied Jan Samples collected Oct 2001.

Long Term Fallow/ Vineyard Replant Trial Planted in 2000

Experimental Design 4 Vines Removed  Winter 1999 – untreated control  Winter 1998 – 1 year fallow  Winter 1997 – 2 year fallow  Winter 1996 – 3 year fallow 4 Vines replanted – June 2000

Effect of Long-term Fallow on Rootknot Nematode in a Vineyard Replant

Effect of Long-term Fallow on Citrus Nematode in a Vineyard Replant

Rose Nursery Field Trial Jackson & Perkins Wasco Initiated Fall, 2001

Rose Nursery Treatments   Controls Untreated control Methyl bromide check – 392 kg/ha   Shanked Treatments MIDAS - 30% Iodomethane/70%chloropicrin, 448 kg/ha Telone C35 with tarp – 449 L/ha Telone C35, no tarp – 449 L/ha   Dripped Treatments InLine, 468 L/ha Telone EC, 327 L/ha Chloropicrin – high rate, 448 kg/ha Chloropicrin – low rate, 224 kg/ha Chloropicrin, split application kg/ha kg/ha 7 days later MIDAS - 30% Iodomethane/70%chloropicrin, 448 kg/ha MIDAS - 50% Iodomethane/50%chloropicrin, 336 kg/ha Metam sodium, drip, 701 L/ha Iota (a biological)

Rose Nursery Trial Soil pH

Rose Nursery Trial Nematodes cm

Rose Nursery Trial Nematodes – cm

Rose Nursery Trial Nematodes – cm

How do you save the nursery crop if your nematode management wasn’t perfect?

Rescue Technologies Hot water dips for dormant perennial and bulb crops Hot water dips for dormant perennial and bulb crops Dr. Becky Westerdahl

  TREATED 6 ROOTSTOCKS: MYROBALAN 29C, MARIANNA 2624, LOVELL, NEMAGUARD, PARADOX, ENGLISH   5 TEMPERATURES 43.3, 46.1, 48.9, 51.7, 54.4 C   5 LENGTHS OF TREATMENT PLUS UNTREATED   5 REPLICATES   EVALUATE SURVIVAL, VIGOR, TRUNK CIRCUMFERANCE   PLANTED AT USDA STATION HOT WATER TREATMENTS FOR NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT TREE ROOTSTOCKS B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

TREATMENTS B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

TRUNK DIAMETER INCREASE (INCHES) in Hot Water Treatment – Paradox Walnut B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

PERCENT MORTALITY 43.3C 46.1C 48.9C MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA MINUTES ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR Effect of Hot Water Treatments on Rootknot Nematode B. Westerdahl, UC Davis

Conclusions  Good distribution of effective concentrations of emulsified formulations of fumigants can be achieved using drip application technologies

Conclusions  Drip applied 1,3-D and shank applied iodomethane have controlled rootknot nematode as well as methyl bromide up to 3.5 years after treatment  Efficacy of long term fallow is dependent on the nematode genera present in the field

Conclusions  Efficacy of resistant rootstock depends on the diversity of the nematode population  Drip application of some currently available materials and shank and drip application of some new materials achieved nematode control to a depth of 150cm  Field conditions at the time of application will influence efficacy

Conclusions  Rescue technologies, such as hot water dips, are an important tool in the production of clean planting material from field grown nurseries

Conclusion  Integrated management strategies that make use of innovative technologies, new materials, resistant rootstocks, cultural practices and post-plant introductions of beneficial organisms offer hope for addressing Challenging Situations

Acknowledgements  California Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine Improvement Advisory Board  Sunridge Nursery  Jackson & Perkins Roses  L.E. Cooke Nursery  Tri-Cal  Tomen Agro  Dow Agro Sciences  AmVac  Albemarle  Cal Agri Products  HarborChem

Thank you!