1LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Land Survival Developed as part of the National Emergency Services Curriculum Project

2LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Survival Needs Food Water Shelter Positive Mental Attitude

3LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Food Most healthy people can go without for a week to 10 days, depending on the conditions Ground Team Members should be carrying at least a few meals when they go out, and normally don’t use them

4LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Water Can go without for only a few days at most, depending again on the conditions Personnel require greater amounts of water in warmer climates Personnel actually working will require more water than those sitting idle

5LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Water Purification If stuck in the field for a longer period, team members may need to gather and purify water if they don’t have enough Several methods are available to purify water in the field –Boiling (ten minutes) –Improvised or Commercial Filters –Chemicals (iodine based tablets normally)

6LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Water Transpiration Bag

7LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities

8LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Solar Still

9LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Filtration Filtration Tri-pod Commercial Filter Hanging Filtration Filter made from trouser leg

10LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Shelter The type of shelter required depends on current conditions and clothing being worn by survivor –Needs to meet the user’s needs for the duration expected –Can use materials readily available in the wilderness or equipment packed into the field Refer to discussions in Campsite Selection lecture for additional information

11LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Poncho Shelters It takes only a short time and minimal equipment to make a shelter from a poncho. You need a poncho, 2 to 3 meters of rope or parachute suspension line, three stakes about 30 centimeters long, and two trees or two poles 2 to 3 meters apart. Before selecting the trees you will use or the location of your poles, check the wind direction. Ensure that the back of your lean-to will be into the wind.

12LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Poncho Shelters Continued When using a poncho for a shelter, tie off the hood first. Pull the drawstring tight, roll the hood longways, fold it into thirds, and tie it off with the drawstring. If you plan to use the lean-to for more than one night, or you expect rain, make a center support. For additional protection from wind and rain, place some brush, your rucksack, or other equipment at the sides of the lean-to.

13LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Poncho Shelters Continued Use a drip stick (about a 10-centimeter stick) to each rope about 2.5 centimeters from the grommet. These drip sticks will keep rain-water from running down the ropes into the lean-to. Tying strings (about 10 centimeters long) to each grommet along the poncho’s top edge will allow the water to run to and down the line without drip- ping into the shelter.

14LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Poncho Tent

15LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Poncho Lean-to

16LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities A-Frame Shelters

17LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Lean-to Shelters

18LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Field Expedient Shelters

19LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Field Expedient Shelters

20LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Snow Shelters

21LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Snow Shelters Continued

22LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Swamp Bed

23LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Desert Shelters

24LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities

25LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Desert Shelters Continued

26LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Positive Mental Attitude In any survival situation you have to want to live to do so. There are many cases of people that “shouldn’t have survived” living, and the field expert expiring in the field attributed to their individual “will to live” Never Give Up!

27LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Fire Building Fire is not a necessity to live but can calm or sooth survivors, and makes things much more livable –Boil Water –Cook Food –Keeps the mind occupied If you build it, you put it out

28LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Fire Building Continued 7 Steps –Decide that fire is necessary –Choose a good fire location and prepare it –Collect wood for the fire –Arrange the firewood for burning –Ignite the tinder –Add fuel as necessary –Extinguish the fire

29LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities

30LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Alternate First Starting Methods Magnifying glass, some eye glasses, lenses from binoculars or other such sources may be used an an alternative method to fire starting.

31LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Common Fire Arrangements

32LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Snow-covered Areas

33LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Extinguishing a Fire Fire burns in two basic modes –Flaming and surface combustion (represented by the fire triangle) –Flaming combustion (represented by the fire tetrahedron/pyramid) Break the triangle or pyramid to put it out - Remove the fuel- Reduce the heat - Remove the oxygen- Interfere with the chemical reaction

34LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Fire Triangle vs. Fire Pyramid HeatOxygen Fuel Chemical Reaction Fuel Oxygen Heat Fire TriangleFire Pyramid

35LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Using a Fire Extinguisher Use the right type –Class A: Common combustibles –Class B: Flammable liquids and gases –Class C: Electrical fires –Class D: Flammable metals

36LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Using a Fire Extinguisher Continued Follow the acronym PASS –Pull –Aim –Squeeze –Sweep

37LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Extinguishing Outdoor Fires (Campfires) Keep personnel and equipment upwind and ready to move Use water if available –Don’t throw away drinking water if not easily replenished Splash, spray, or sprinkle water on the fire –Don’t pour all at once

38LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Extinguishing Outdoor Fires (Campfires) Continued Break up material and continue adding water until all signs of flames and glowing embers are gone If water is not available, or in combination with water, throw soil, sand, etc. While breaking up burned materials

39LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Extinguishing Outdoor Fires (Campfires) Continued Using care, place your hand close to the burned area to check to see if cool –Campfires, signal fires, etc., must always be completely extinguished and cool to the touch before leaving them Efforts to extinguish a brushfire should only be attempted if the fire is very small, there is little or no wind, and an escape route is available. If in doubt, retreat and call the authorities

40LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities Land Survival Tasks Ground Team Members –O-0601: Conduct Actions if Lost –O-0602: Locate Natural Water Sources –O-0603: Prepare a Natural Shelter –O-0604: Build a Fire –O-0605: Extinguish a Fire

41LANDSURV..PPT LAST REVISED: 9 JULY 2008 Citizens Serving Communities QUESTIONS? THINK SAFETY!