The Digestive System Unit 1-5 Notes Mr. Hefti – Pulaski Biology Unit 1-5 Notes Mr. Hefti – Pulaski Biology

Digestive System Fun Facts 1.An adult esophagus ranges from 10 to 14 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. 2.We make 1 to 3 pints of saliva per day. 3.Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophagus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach even if they were standing on their head. 4.It takes your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, pancreas and liver to digest a glass of milk. 5.An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 1.5 liters of material. 6.The average male will eat about 50 tons of food during his lifetime in order to sustain a weight of 150 pounds. 7.Within the colon a typical person harbors more than 400 distinct species of bacteria. 8.The small intestine is a long tube about 1½ to 2 inches around, and about 22 feet long. 9.A full grown horse’s coiled up intestines are 89 feet long. 10.Food stays in your stomach for 2 to 3 hours.

A. Types of nutrients NutrientCharacteristicsSource(s)Use(s) Carbohydrates4 Cal / g “Sugar” Fruits Vegetables Energy Stored as fat Lipids 9 Cal / g 30% of diet (or less) Milk Cheese Fried foods Hormones Cell membranes Stored energy Vitamins Organic substances in many foods Fruits Vegetables Meat Metabolism Minerals Inorganic substancesVegetables Meat Nuts Healthy growth Protein 4 Cal / g Amino acids synthesized into other proteins Fish Eggs Meat Make proteins

B. Digestive system organs 1.Teeth (white) 2.Salivary glands (3 sets – yellow) 3.Tongue (red) 4.Epiglottis (red) 5.Esophagus (orange) 6.Trachea (purple) 7.Stomach (light green) 8.Spleen (brown) 9.Liver (brown) 10.Diaphragm (purple) 11.Gall bladder (dark green) 12.Pancreas (dark green) 13.Small intestine (yellow) 14.Appendix (red) 15.Large intestine (light blue) 16.Rectum (orange)

C. Functions of digestive system organs _____ 1. TeethA. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 2. RectumB. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 3. Salivary glandsC. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body _____ 4. Large intestineD. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption _____ 5. TongueE. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place _____ 6. AppendixF. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food _____ 7. EpiglottisG. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestineH. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart _____ 9. EsophagusI. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches _____ 10. PancreasJ. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure _____ 11. Gall bladderK. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach _____ 12. LiverL. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth _____ 13. StomachM. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces _____ 1. TeethA. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 2. RectumB. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 3. Salivary glandsC. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body _____ 4. Large intestineD. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption _____ 5. TongueE. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place _____ 6. AppendixF. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food _____ 7. EpiglottisG. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestineH. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart _____ 9. EsophagusI. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches _____ 10. PancreasJ. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure _____ 11. Gall bladderK. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach _____ 12. LiverL. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth _____ 13. StomachM. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces L. C. I. E. M. J. F. D. K. G. B. A. H.

D. Digestive Juices Secretion ► Enzyme Where made?Where used? Role in digestion? Saliva ► Salivary amylase Mouth  Wets food  Lubricates bolus  Breaks down starch Gastric juice ► Pepsin Stomach  Strong acid  Proteins broken down into amino acid chains called polypeptides MucusStomach  Protects lining from acid Pancreatic juice ► Amylase ► Protease ► Lipase PancreasSmall intestine  Neutralizes stomach acid  Starches  Proteins  Lipids BileLiver (stored in the gall bladder) Small intestine  Emulsifies fats and oils Intestinal juice Small intestine  Completes chemical digestion of all nutrients

E. Inside the small intestine Cross section view The folds and projections in the lining of the small intestine increase its surface area. This way nutrients can be absorbed into the blood quickly. Even though the small intestine is long, the villi improve its efficiency. Close up of surface

Make connections… Which organelle(s) would you associate with the digestive system and why? –Lysosome (contains digestive enzymes) –Chloroplast (makes food in plant cells) –Vacuole (storage of food)

NutrientCharacteristicsSource(s)Use(s) Carbs4 Cal / g “Sugar” Energy Stored as fat Milk Cheese Fried foods Hormones Cell membranes Stored energy VitaminsOrganic substances in many foods Fruits Vegetables Meat MineralsVegetables Meat Nuts Healthy growth 4 Cal / g Amino acids synthesized into other proteins Make proteins NutrientCharacteristicsSource(s)Use(s) Carbs4 Cal / g “Sugar” Energy Stored as fat Milk Cheese Fried foods Hormones Cell membranes Stored energy VitaminsOrganic substances in many foods Fruits Vegetables Meat MineralsVegetables Meat Nuts Healthy growth 4 Cal / g Amino acids synthesized into other proteins Make proteins

Functions of digestive system organs _____ 1. TeethA. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 2. RectumB. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 3. Salivary glandsC. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body _____ 4. Large intestineD. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption _____ 5. TongueE. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place _____ 6. AppendixF. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food _____ 7. EpiglottisG. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestineH. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart _____ 9. EsophagusI. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches _____ 10. PancreasJ. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure _____ 11. Gall bladderK. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach _____ 12. LiverL. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth _____ 13. StomachM. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces Functions of digestive system organs _____ 1. TeethA. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 2. RectumB. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 3. Salivary glandsC. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body _____ 4. Large intestineD. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption _____ 5. TongueE. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place _____ 6. AppendixF. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food _____ 7. EpiglottisG. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestineH. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart _____ 9. EsophagusI. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches _____ 10. PancreasJ. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure _____ 11. Gall bladderK. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach _____ 12. LiverL. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth _____ 13. StomachM. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces Functions of digestive system organs _____ 1. TeethA. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 2. RectumB. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 3. Salivary glandsC. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body _____ 4. Large intestineD. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption _____ 5. TongueE. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place _____ 6. AppendixF. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food _____ 7. EpiglottisG. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestineH. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart _____ 9. EsophagusI. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches _____ 10. PancreasJ. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure _____ 11. Gall bladderK. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach _____ 12. LiverL. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth _____ 13. StomachM. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces Functions of digestive system organs _____ 1. TeethA. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 2. RectumB. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats _____ 3. Salivary glandsC. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body _____ 4. Large intestineD. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption _____ 5. TongueE. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place _____ 6. AppendixF. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food _____ 7. EpiglottisG. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestineH. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart _____ 9. EsophagusI. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches _____ 10. PancreasJ. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure _____ 11. Gall bladderK. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach _____ 12. LiverL. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth _____ 13. StomachM. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces