PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems Male reproductive organs

Male Reproductive Organs posterior view

Descent of the Testes During fetal development, each testis develops near a kidney and then descends through an inguinal canal and enters the scrotum completing the journey by the eighth gestational month.

Structure of the Testes

Formation of Sperm Cells

Spermatogenesis

Crossing Over mixes up genetic traits different colors represent the fact that one homologous chromosome comes from the individual’s father and one from the mother

Crossing Over the genetic information in sperm cells and egg cells varies from cell to cell

Structure of a Sperm Cell

Male Internal Accessory Organs epididymides vasa deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands

Epididymides tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within testis promote maturation of sperm cells

Vasa Deferentia muscular tubes about 45 cm each extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

Seminal Vesicles attached to vas deferens near base of bladder secrete alkaline fluid secrete fructose and prostaglandins contents empty into ejaculatory duct

Prostate Gland surrounds proximal portion of urethra ducts of gland open into urethra secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid secretion enhances fluid mobility composed of tubular glands in connective tissue also contains smooth muscle

Bulbourethral Glands inferior to the prostate gland secrete mucus-like fluid fluid released in response to sexual stimulation

Semen sperm cells secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands slightly alkaline prostaglandins nutrients 120 million sperm cells per milliliter

Male External Reproductive Organs scrotum penis

Scrotum pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum medial septum divides scrotum into two chambers each chamber lines with a serous membrane each chamber houses a testis and epididymis

Penis conveys urine and semen specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina

Penis

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation parasympathetic nerve impulses blood accumulates in erectile tissues Orgasm culmination of sexual stimulation accompanied by emission and ejaculation Ejaculation emission is the movement of semen into urethra ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses

Mechanism of Penile Erection

Mechanism of Emission and Ejaculation

Functions of the Male Reproductive Organs

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics negative feedback among the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes controls the concentration of testosterone

Actions of Testosterone increased growth of body hair sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords thickening of skin increased muscular growth thickening and strengthening of the bones

Organs of the Female Reproductive System

Transverse Section of Female Pelvic Cavity

Ovary Attachments

Primordial Follicles

Oogenesis the process of egg cell formation

Follicle Maturation Primordial follicle Mature (Graafian) follicle

Follicle Maturation

Ovulation

Ovulation

Female Internal Accessory Organs uterine tubes uterus vagina

Uterine Tubes convey eggs toward the uterus

Lining of Uterine Tubes

Uterine Wall

Uterus hollow muscular organ that receives the embryo that has been fertilized in the uterine tube

Vagina fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for offspring

Female External Reproductive Organs labia majora labia minora clitoris vestibular glands

Labia Majora rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin enclose and protect the other external reproductive parts ends form a rounded elevation over the symphysis pubis

Labia Minora flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora well supplied with blood vessels

Clitoris small projection at the anterior end of the vulva analogous to the male penis composed of two columns of erectile tissue root is attached to the sides of the pubic arch

Vestibule space between the labia minora that encloses the vaginal and urethral openings vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation

Functions of the Female Reproductive Organs

Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm

Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions estrogens inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle

Effects of Estrogens development of breasts and ductile system of the mammary glands increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks increases vascularization of skin

Female Reproductive Cycle

Female Reproductive Cycle

Hormonal Control of Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

Menopause usually occurs in late 40s or early 50s reproductive cycles stop ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear may produce hot flashes and fatigue hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue

Mammary Glands located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts composed of lobes estrogens stimulate breast development in females

Birth Control coitus interruptus rhythm method mechanical barriers condom diaphragm cervical cap spermicidal foams or jellies chemical barriers spermicides oral contraceptives hormonal injectable contraception intrauterine devices surgical methods vasectomy tubal ligation

Surgical Methods of Birth Control Vasectomy Tubal ligation

Sexually Transmitted Diseases silent infections most are bacterial and can be cured herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured many cause infertility AIDS causes death symptoms of STDs include burning sensation during urination pain in lower abdomen fever or swollen glands discharge from vagina or penis pain, itch, or inflammation in genital or anal area sores, blisters, bumps or rashes itchy runny eyes

Clinical Application Prostate Enlargement benign prostatic hypertrophy occurs in most men over 50 BPH causes frequent urination risk factors include a fatty diet, having had a vasectomy, exposure to certain environmental factors, and inheriting a a particular gene that also causes breast cancer treatments include surgical removal, drugs, insertion of balloon into urethra, freezing of tumor, or insertion of a stent between lobes of prostate to relieve pressure on urethra